2026-04-17T11:44:17Z https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/oai

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1 2025-12-14T13:39:04Z SET:ART driver

Ad hoc networks capacity scaling problem Hasković Džubur, Adisa Čolaković, Alem Memić, Belma Avdagić-Golub, Elma ad hoc network capacity scaling A large number of researchers found their interest in addressing the issue of capacity scaling for wireless ad hoc networks. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the development of capacity scaling laws in wireless networks, highlighting the problem of scaling as one of the basic challenges in their research. The review began with the definition of the notion of bandwidth of random networks, which were taken as a reference model of consideration when determining more advanced strategies for improving throughput capacity. Based on these strategies, other factors that have an impact on capacity scaling laws have been identified and elaborated. Finally, the capacity of hybrid wireless networks, ie networks in which at least two types of nodes functionally exist (ad hoc nodes/infrastructure nodes / auxiliary nodes), was partially investigated. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2021-04-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/1 10.54327/set2021/v1.i1.1 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 1 No. 1 (2021); 21-28 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2021/v1.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/1/3 Copyright (c) 2021 Adisa Hasković Džubur, Alem Čolaković, Belma Memić, Elma Avdagić-Golub https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/2 2025-12-14T13:39:04Z SET:REV driver

Development of mobile communication systems for high-speed railway Branković, Nedžad Kalem, Aida Medić, Adisa high-speed railway mobile communication GSM-R development Development of high-speed railways set up challenges for new communication technologies. With the increase in speed, new requirements for communication systems have emerged that HSR requires greater reliability, capacity and shorter response time for efficient and safe operations. Mobile communication systems are crucial for the competitiveness of the railway industry and therefore have become one of the priorities addressed by the participants in the railway system to take advantage of technological opportunities to improve operational processes and the quality of provided transport services. The European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) uses the Global System for Mobile Communications for Railways (GSM-R) for voice and data communication to communicate between trains and control centers. The International Railway Union is exploring new ways of communicating for high-speed railways because as speed increases this system becomes unreliable in information transmission. This paperwork presents an analysis of the evolution of communications on European railways since the usage of GSM-R. In addition, an overview of the various alternative solutions proposed during the time (LTE-R, Future Railway Mobile Communication System) as possible successors to GSM-R technology is given. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2021-04-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/2 10.54327/set2021/v1.i1.2 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 1 No. 1 (2021); 29-34 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2021/v1.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/2/4 Copyright (c) 2021 Nedžad Branković, Aida Kalem, Adisa Medić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/3 2025-12-14T13:39:04Z SET:REV driver

Wireless communication technologies for the Internet of Things Čolaković, Alem Hasković Džubur, Adisa Karahodža, Bakir Internet of Things wireless technologies WSN Wi-Fi LR-WPAN LR-WAN Internet of Things (IoT) is the inter-networking paradigm based on many processes such as identifying, sensing, networking and computation. An IoT technology stack provides seamless connectivity between various physical and virtual objects. The increasing number of IoT applications leads to the issue of transmitting, storing, and processing a large amount of data. Therefore, it is necessary to enable a system capable to handle the growing traffic requirements with the required level of QoS (Quality of Service). IoT devices become more complex due to the various components such as sensors and network interfaces. The IoT environment is often demanding for mobile power source, QoS, mobility, reliability, security, and other requirements. Therefore, new IoT technologies are required to overcome some of these issues. In recent years new wireless communication technologies are being developed to support the development of new IoT applications. This paper provides an overview of some of the most widely used wireless communication technologies used for IoT applications. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2021-04-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/3 10.54327/set2021/v1.i1.3 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 1 No. 1 (2021); 1-14 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2021/v1.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/3/1 Copyright (c) 2021 Alem Čolaković, Adisa Hasković Džubur, Bakir Karahodža https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/4 2025-12-14T13:39:04Z SET:REV driver

Quality management as the basis of business company operations for the purpose of customer satisfaction Avdagić-Golub, Elma Hasković Džubur, Adisa Memić, Belma QMS QoS services companies management customers Nowadays, companies face numerous challenges to operate successfully and remain competitive in the market. Globalization is increasing competition in the market, allowing many companies to operate in foreign markets. Increasing competition has made companies constantly trying to increase their productivity while reducing costs. To meet all the requirements, and at the same time function in the best possible way, companies must be organized adequately, taking into account the whole set of processes from the company's internal organization to the company's appearance on the market. It means, if the end-user is to be satisfied, the company must implement quality in all phases of business, ie business ethics and company culture, through the quality of technology, personnel, etc. In other words, it must be satisfied the system quality of the company, known in the literature as QMS (Quality Management System). The main purpose of this paper is to review the multiple understanding of the concept of QMS and its different underpinning theories in a business to customer context. The design of this research is based on mere documentary analysis and some observations. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2021-04-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/4 10.54327/set2021/v1.i1.4 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 1 No. 1 (2021); 52-58 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2021/v1.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/4/7 Copyright (c) 2021 Elma Avdagić-Golub, Adisa Hasković Džubur, Belma Memić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/6 2025-12-14T13:39:04Z SET:ART driver

Guidelines for transformation of trams to the light rail system in Sarajevo Mehanović, Mustafa Tram System Public Passenger Transport Light Rail System Infrastructure Suprastructure Financing Inventions The transport of the tram system on a high capacity corridor in a narrow urban area with increasing demand has become limiting both in terms of capacity and in terms of quality improvement. In this sense, the tram system in Sarajevo, as the primary system of city passenger transport, for many years, requires improvement in order to meet demand. The lack of clear strategies and plans for improving the primary transport system results in interventions of short-term investments in the maintenance of the infrastructure and suprastructure of the classic tramway of outdated and abandoned technology. In this way, the system is brought into a state of very unreliable and unsafe work. On the other hand, it is obvious that the development of individual motorized traffic has led to the fact that the common route has worsened the quality and safety of driving. The paper presents basic guidelines and aspects for the transformation of the classical tram in Sarajevo to the Light Rail System that can reach the fast city railway with the quantity and quality of the offer. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2021-04-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/6 10.54327/set2021/v1.i1.6 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 1 No. 1 (2021); 42-51 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2021/v1.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/6/6 Copyright (c) 2021 Mustafa Mehanović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/7 2025-12-14T13:39:04Z SET:REV driver

Development of road infrastructure safety management system according to updates of EU Directive 96/2008/EC Kiso, Fadila Džananović, Ajdin Šabanović-Karičić, Samira EU Directive 96/2008/EC Road Safety Road Infrastructure Road Safety Audit The traditional approach to the analysis of traffic accidents has mostly involved identifying omissions in vehicles and drivers, which led to the occurrence of a traffic accident. However, more recent EU directives dealing with this area emphasize infrastructure failures that may be the real cause of the accident. This approach refers to preventive action, ie the design of such infrastructure that will, in case of failure of the driver, "forgive" the driver his mistake and prevent the occurrence of a traffic accident or reduce the consequences of a traffic accident. To achieve this, a completely new approach to the problem is needed, ie to build, reconstruct and regenerate the road infrastructure according to its real function from the aspect of traffic safety. The realization of these concepts in our area implies primarily the education of all entities that have contact with road infrastructure (designers, managers, auditors, etc.), with emphasis on the fact that savings on the material are significantly less than the savings achieved by reducing the number of accidents, with injured faces and fatalities. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2021-04-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/7 10.54327/set2021/v1.i1.7 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 1 No. 1 (2021); 35-41 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2021/v1.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/7/5 Copyright (c) 2021 Fadila Kiso, Ajdin Džananović, Samira Šabanović-Karičić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/8 2025-12-14T13:39:04Z SET:ART driver

Recognition of traffic generated by WebRTC communication Ajdinović, Nadina Nurkić, Semina Baraković Husić, Jasmina Baraković, Sabina Jitsi media server machine learning algorithms Wireshark WebRTC communication Weka Network traffic recognition serves as a basic condition for network operators to differentiate and prioritize traffic for a number of purposes, from guaranteeing the Quality of Service (QoS), to monitoring safety, as well as monitoring and detecting anomalies. Web Real-Time Communication (WebRTC) is an open-source project that enables real-time audio, video, and text communication among browsers. Since WebRTC does not include any characteristic pattern for semantically based traffic recognition, this paper proposes models for recognizing traffic generated during WebRTC audio and video communication based on statistical characteristics and usage of machine learning in Weka tool. Five classification algorithms have been used for model development, such as Naive Bayes, J48, Random Forest, REP tree, and Bayes Net. The results show that J48 and BayesNet have the best performances in this experimental case of WebRTC traffic recognition. Future work will be focused on comparison of a wide range of machine learning algorithms using a large enough dataset to improve the significance of the results. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2021-04-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/8 10.54327/set2021/v1.i1.8 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 1 No. 1 (2021); 15-20 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2021/v1.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/8/2 Copyright (c) 2021 Nadina Ajdinović, Semina Nurkić, Jasmina Baraković Husić, Sabina Baraković https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/9 2025-04-05T10:50:38Z SET:ART driver

Bosnia and Herzegovina market research on the use of autonomous vehicles and drones in postal traffic Kosovac, Amel Muharemović, Ermin Čolaković, Alem Lakača, Mirza Šimić, Edvin postal traffic drones autonomous vehicles delivery New technologies primarily affect the lives of all people, their habits, needs, desires, but also significantly affect the demands placed on various business sectors. Discussions on the increasingly rapid development of technical-technological solutions that can be applied in the postal sector and logistics have a long history. New technologies in all areas bring a constant change in the relationship between companies and their customers, which significantly affect the quality of work and activities. In the years to come, it will be an increasing challenge for postal operators around the world, as well as for other companies, to achieve substantive communication and understanding of their customers through the application of innovative technologies. Understanding and learning about customer issues is key to offering them services that, with their precise targeting of stakeholders, quality, visibility, efficiency, and, perhaps most importantly, flexibility, will be able to meet needs that change so quickly over time. This will be possible with new technologies and innovative solutions. The paper presents a market research on the potential use of autonomous vehicles and drones in the postal sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The research is based on a survey questionnaire on the use of drones and autonomous vehicles in the postal sector in the segment of shipment delivery. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2021-10-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/9 10.54327/set2021/v1.i2.9 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2021); 32-37 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2021/v1.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/9/12 Copyright (c) 2021 Amel Kosovac, Ermin Muharemović, Alem Čolaković, Mirza Lakača, Edvin Šimić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/10 2025-04-05T10:50:38Z SET:REV driver

Infrastructure costs and benefits of European high-speed rail Branković, Nedžad Kalem, Aida high-speed rail Europe infrastructure costs benefits The development of new technologies has significantly influenced railways modernization and has caused the appearance of high-speed rail which represent a safe, comfortable and ecologically sustainable way of transportation. The high-speed rail present a big step in a relation to conventional railways, where the biggest difference is speed which even entails a change of other organizational and operational parameters, better utilization of trains, higher performance of manpower and better service to users.  That is visible in many cities around the world where high-speed trains are used by billions of users. In the EU there is no unique high-speed railway network, besides that in many EU member countries various operational models are applied. The future of the high-speed railways market depends on political, economical and technical factors and challenges as high infrastructure costs, various rates of return on investment and the negative effects of economic crises. The main objective of the paper is to analyze infrastucture costs of high-speed rail in Europe and benefits such us  time savings, higher reliability, comfort, safety, reducing pollution and the release of capacity in the conventional rail network, roads and airport infrastructure. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2021-10-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/10 10.54327/set2021/v1.i2.10 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2021); 47-53 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2021/v1.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/10/19 Copyright (c) 2021 Nedžad Branković, Aida Kalem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/11 2025-04-05T10:50:38Z SET:REV driver

Information networks – concept, classification and application Salihović, Nazif Hasković Džubur, Adisa information network bisociative information networks heterogeneous information networks An information network is a structure used for transmitting various forms and types of information. In basic structure, it consists of branches that connect certain nodes. Many scientists and researchers have dealt with the problem of defining an information network, depending on the functional organization and data transmission, and also with the classification of information networks.  Information networks have a very wide application in almost all scientific disciplines. A large number of researches are carried out on the application of information networks (e.g. bisociative, deep information network, heterogeneous information network, and space information network) in the field of medicine for easier detection of diseases, drug development, etc, and other needs to support real-time communication, massive data transmission, and data processing. In accordance with the above mentioned, the aim of this paper is to offer different approaches in defining and classifying general forms of information networks and to notice their wide application in different research disciplines. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2021-10-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/11 10.54327/set2021/v1.i2.11 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2021); 59-67 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2021/v1.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/11/17 Copyright (c) 2021 Nazif Salihović, Adisa Hasković Džubur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/12 2025-04-05T10:50:38Z SET:ART driver

Efficiency-complexity evaluation methods of routing algorithms in mobile ad hoc networks Memić, Belma Čolaković, Alem Hasković Džubur, Adisa Avdagić-Golub, Elma mobile ad hoc networks routing algorithms routing protocol efficiency methods Routing in multidomain and multilayer networks is the subject of constant theoretical research, with special emphasis on routing optimization algorithms based on several criteria. Such research results in new proposals. The basic task of the algorithm is to perform the given task in a finite and reasonable period of time and with reasonable resource requirements. When new solutions are compared with previous solutions, it is necessary to consider as much information as possible about the characteristics and differences between these algorithms, which ultimately determines the degree of success of the algorithm. Routing algorithms depend on the goals to be achieved and most often solve a certain group of problems with certain simplifications of the overall problem and to the detriment of performance that are not crucial for a given routing optimization problem. Therefore, it is necessary to have acceptable methods for efficiency-complexity evaluation methods of routing algorithms with certain, universally applicable, metrics. Several theoretical approaches, including graph theory, optimization theory, complexity theory, allow approaches to compare the algorithms and the results achieved with the help of these algorithms. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2021-10-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/12 10.54327/set2021/v1.i2.12 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2021); 24-31 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2021/v1.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/12/11 Copyright (c) 2021 Belma Memić, Alem Čolaković, Adisa Hasković Džubur, Elma Avdagić-Golub https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/13 2025-04-05T10:50:38Z SET:ART driver

Use of information and communication technologies in social work institutions in extraordinary circumstances Hodžić, Enisa Baraković, Sabina Kavazović, Anesa Baraković Husić, Jasmina chatbot covid-19 ICT pandemic social work Information-Communication Technologies (ICTs) are currently used in various fields and there are many amazing inventions that are already present and make communication and life easier for us on a daily basis. The use of ICTs is less represented in the social work institutions. Therefore, this paper presents the implementation of ICTs through the chatbot application for the needs of social work created on the Tidio platform and within the webpage of the Public Institution “Center for Social Work Tešanj”. The application facilitates the work of social workers in collecting information from the users and eases the aid received by the users of social care in terms of faster responses to inquiries during emergencies, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, but also after. For the purpose of this research, an end-user survey was created and conducted with the aim of collecting user opinions on the acceptance and motivation for the use of chatbots in social work institutions. The results showed good acceptance and usage motivation of social work chatbot. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2021-10-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/13 10.54327/set2021/v1.i2.13 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2021); 8-15 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2021/v1.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/13/9 Copyright (c) 2021 Enisa Hodžić, Sabina Baraković, Anesa Kavazović, Jasmina Baraković Husić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/14 2025-04-05T10:51:27Z SET:CES driver

Assessing the Potential of Smart Lighting for Sustainable Urban Development: A Case Study of Marshal Tito Street, Sarajevo Berković, Mirza Salihović, Nazif Smart Lighting Light Emitting Diodes Energy Efficiency Sustainable Development Internet of Things Smart lighting integrates various technologies such as LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes), motion sensors, and IoT (Internet of Things) to achieve energy efficiency, improve safety, and support various urban services. Beyond simple illumination, it serves as a conduit for deploying information and communication technologies to enhance efficiency and mitigate environmental impact. This paper analyzes the technical and economic feasibility of smart lighting compared to traditional lighting systems through a case study and mathematical model on the busiest street in Sarajevo, Marshal Tito street. It underscores the transformative potential of smart lighting, not only as a technical solution but also as a strategic instrument for urban development and sustainable growth. By introducing LED lighting with motion sensors, significant savings in electricity consumption and maintenance costs have been achieved, indicating the potential of smart lighting to transform urban spaces into sustainable and functional environments. Overall, this paper emphasizes the critical role of smart lighting in shaping the cities of the future, fostering efficiency, and sustainability in urban environments. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2022-10-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/14 10.54327/set2022/v2.i2.14 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 2 No. 2 (2022); 37-42 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2022/v2.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/14/63 Copyright (c) 2022 Mirza Berković, Nazif Salihović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/15 2025-04-05T10:50:38Z SET:ART driver

Rough estimation of cell numbers in 5G networks using simple mathematical calculations Klisara, Sara Goran, Nermin Avdagić-Golub, Elma cell planning, 5G base station, throughput, radio link budget This paper focuses on the problem of 5G network cell planning. In addition, it presents an example of a rough estimation of the required number of cells or base stations in a certain area for arbitrary number of users who are provided with a certain bandwidth per user within these cells. The cell number estimation is the initial step and the essence of planning and implementation of 5G network in an area. It is helpful for the operators to create and take into the account business plans in order to fully implement the network as a function of number of users which have to be served. Considering that, knowing the rough number of 5G base stations per user is very important for pre-sale activities and eventually necessity for widening of the initial investments. Therefore, the paper presents four scenarios that include different network parameters. Depending on the network parameters, the required number of base stations in a certain area changes. Given scenarios are examples of one 5G network in virtual area per bandwidth per user. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2021-10-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/15 10.54327/set2021/v1.i2.15 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2021); 1-7 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2021/v1.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/15/8 Copyright (c) 2021 Sara Klisara, Nermin Goran, Elma Avdagić-Golub https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/16 2025-04-05T10:50:38Z SET:ART driver

A practical implementation of machine learning in predicting breast cancer Fetić, Ajna Dželihodžić, Adnan breast cancer machine learning logistic regression support vector machine decision tree random Forest regression decision tree Cancer is the leading disease in the world by the increasing number of new patients and deaths every year. Hence, it is the most feared disease of our time. It is believed that lung cancer and breast cancer are most common types of cancer and they both are subtypes of the same group of cancer – carcinoma. With this type of cancer early detection is of great importance for patient survival. As it is the disease that has unfortunately been around for many years, today we have datasets with all necessary information for diagnosing and predicting cancer. Predicting cancer means deciding if the cancer is malignant or benign. The key to this answer lays in different values of parameters that have been stored when the disease was discovered. Machine learning plays the crucial role in predicting cancer, given the fact that algorithms such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF) and etc. are designed to find the pattern that occurs in large sets of data and based on that make a decision. In this paper, author's goal is to see how machine learning and its practical implementation on public datasets can help with early breast cancer diagnosis and hopefully help save more lives. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2021-10-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/16 10.54327/set2021/v1.i2.16 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2021); 16-23 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2021/v1.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/16/10 Copyright (c) 2021 Ajna Fetić, Adnan Dželihodžić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/17 2025-04-05T10:50:38Z SET:REV driver

Treatment of road traffic noise in EU countries with a focus on Directive 2002/49/EC Omerhodžić, Adnan Džaferović, Samir Road Traffic Noise Noise pollution Noise monitoring Directive 2002/49/EC The trend of continuous increase for mobility requirements results in a progressive increase in the use of vehicles of all modes of transport, which contributes to a significant increase in noise levels, especially in urban areas. The most significant noise in urban areas is traffic noise, where road traffic contributes the most. This paper reviews the treatment of road traffic noise in the European Union with a focus on Directive 2002/49 / EC. The paper presents the basics of the mechanisms of the institutional and management framework in the field of road traffic noise monitoring in EU countries. Also, the results of road traffic noise monitoring in EU countries, indicators of population exposure to road traffic noise, as well as indicators of the impact of road traffic noise on the health of the population, were presented. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2021-10-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/17 10.54327/set2021/v1.i2.17 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2021); 54-58 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2021/v1.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/17/21 Copyright (c) 2021 Adnan Omerhodžić, Samir Džaferović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/18 2025-04-05T10:50:38Z SET:ART driver

The model for determining vehicle flow at roundabout sections Mehanović, Mustafa Intersection roundabout Traffic flow Traffic intersections Capacity intersections This paper presents a model push on which to determine the flow rates vehicles per share on the basis of circular intersections recorded entries and exits of vehicles in the aisles. In addition it is possible to analyze the influence of individual flows at intersections capacity, and determine the number of vehicles at the intersection of routes in the knowledge of the number of vehicles leaving the intersection at the next exit. Count the number of vehicles it is easier to manually and by using new technologies. Model (MIKR) results in a longer or shorter period of time which gives both static and dynamic characteristics. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2021-10-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/18 10.54327/set2021/v1.i2.18 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2021); 38-46 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2021/v1.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/18/20 Copyright (c) 2021 Mustafa Mehanović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/19 2025-04-05T10:50:14Z SET:CES driver

Microservice development using RabbitMQ message broker Ćatović, Amar Buzađija, Nevzudin Lemes, Samir Microservices Software Development RabbitMQ Message Queuing Nowadays, when applications are being developed faster with the introduction of agile methodologies and new technologies, microservices are emerging. The microservices make applications easier to create and maintain when broken down into smaller parts, which form a whole application. RabbitMQ acts as an intermediary between the various services. It reduces the load and delivery time on server web applications by delegating tasks that would typically take a lot of time and resources. Message queuing allows web servers to respond quickly to requests rather than being forced to perform complex procedures that can take more time and resources. AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol) is a message protocol that deals with publishers and consumers like any other messaging system. Publishers produce messages while consumers download and process them. The job of message brokers, such as RabbitMQ, is to ensure that messages from publishers go to the right consumers. To do this, the broker uses two key components: exchange and order. We demonstrated that the style of microservice architecture is an approach to the development of an application as a set of small services, each in charge of its own process and communication with other services. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2022-04-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/19 10.54327/set2022/v2.i1.19 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2022); 30-37 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2022/v2.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/19/26 Copyright (c) 2022 Amar Ćatović, Nevzudin Buzađija, Samir Lemes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/22 2025-04-05T10:50:14Z SET:ART driver

Modeling and simulation of fiber optic transmission links Goran, Nermin Hodzic, Mujo Maslo, Anis Mujčić, Aljo capacity of fibre optic transmission link WDM data speed transmission simulation of wdm sistems The main aim of the paper is modeling and simulation of fiber optic transmission. It also deals with ways to increase the capacity of fiber optic transmission links by using WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) system. The parameters of the fiber optic transmission link were measured on a real optical transmission links and a model for simulation was set up. A simulation of increasing the capacity of a fiber optic transmission link was made in two ways. The first one is to increase the transmission speeds of the individual channels of the WDM system, and the second one is to increase the number of WDM system channels with lower individual speeds. The simulation results showed that the second method provides better quality of WDM service. The additional experiment was done on an existing ITU T G.655 optical fiber intended for WDM systems whose parameters were measured. Bit error rate and Q parameter for WDM system of 4 and 16 channel was used to check quality of proposed solution. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2022-04-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/22 10.54327/set2022/v2.i1.22 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2022); 16-23 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2022/v2.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/22/25 Copyright (c) 2022 Nermin Goran, Mujo Hodzic, Anis Maslo, Aljo Mujčić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/23 2025-04-05T10:50:14Z SET:ART driver

A Proposed outsourcing model for pick-up and delivery processes Muharemović, Ermin Kosovac, Amel Mostarac, Katarina Begović, Muhamed model pick- up delivery outsourcing shipment costs In the last few years, we have been active participants in globalization and the rapid growth of online commerce. This trend directly impacts logistics, postal, and courier companies. Challenges are visible in the growth and development of these companies, as well as quality of task execution and the ability to adapt to market conditions. With the impact of the SARS-COV-19 virus on the market, and due to locks during the pandemic, shoppers were forced to buy products online. This effect accelerated the trend of purchases via e-commerce, which increased the number of parcels in the technological phases of pick-up and delivery. These companies are the bearers of the first and last technological phase of shipment transport. Due to the increase in the number of shipments, postal and logistics companies are under great pressure. This is because of certain restrictions introduced during the pandemic, but also because of costs, especially fixed costs in the first and last phase of transport. This paper proposes an outsourcing model for the pick-up and delivery to convert fixed costs into variable ones. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2022-04-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/23 10.54327/set2022/v2.i1.23 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2022); 1-6 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2022/v2.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/23/24 Copyright (c) 2022 Ermin Muharemović, Amel Kosovac, Katarina Mostarac, Muhamed Begović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/24 2025-04-05T10:50:14Z SET:ART driver

Assessment of factors affecting the software process improvement in small organizations Karahodza, Bakir Avdagić-Golub, Elma Čolaković, Alem software engineering software quality software process improvement CMM models small organizations change management Software process improvement implies a set of complex and systematic activities of software engineering. It requires theory and models established in management, technical and social sciences. The improvement is based on the assumption that the organization if it owns mature and capable processes, would be able to deliver quality software on time and in line with predicted costs. The maturity models are initially aimed for implementation in enterprise software organizations, government organizations and within the military industry. Their complexity and the size make them difficult to use in small software organizations and companies. In such organizations the interest for use and the efforts to make an efficient and effective organization is always presented, though. In this paper, the basic and derived capability maturity models are described and cases from their implementation are analyzed, along with assessment of results of such projects in business practices. The problem of the software process improvement in small organizations is described, extracting the risks and recommendations for its enhancement. These recommendations are provided in order to set up a foundation for implementation of these models in a specific managerial and organizational environment characterized by small organizations. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2022-04-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/24 10.54327/set2022/v2.i1.24 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2022); 7-15 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2022/v2.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/24/23 Copyright (c) 2022 Bakir Karahodza, Elma Avdagić-Golub, Alem Čolaković https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/25 2025-04-05T10:50:14Z SET:REV driver

Green IoT: sustainability environment and technologies Memić, Belma Hasković Džubur, Adisa Avdagić-Golub, Elma Green Internet of Things Green Technologies Sustainability Energy saving The Internet of Things (IoT) connects everyone in the smart world, so the energy consumption of IoT technology is a challenging and attractive research area. The development of technology in the field of IoT has changed the way of life and enriched society with its benefits, but we must not ignore the fact that IoT consumes energy, contributes to toxic pollution, and generates electrical waste. To increase the benefits and reduce the harmfulness of IoT, there are increasing tendencies to move towards green IoT (G-IoT). The G-IoT is considered the future environmentally friendly IoT. Greening ICT technology plays a key role in G-IoT and promises many benefits to society such as efficient production, and reducing the energy used to design and distribute ICT devices and equipment. This paper will present a comprehensive overview of G-IoT technologies and strategies that demonstrate work and efforts to build a green and smart world, contributing to a safe and healthy environment, smart and high quality of life based on enabling technologies, reducing pollution, and reducing energy consumption. ICT technologies that enable G-IoT include Green RFID, Green Wireless Sensor Network (GWSN), Green Cloud Computing (GCC), Green M2M (G-M2M), and Green Data Center (GDC). The paper will also present an analysis of the importance of environmental technology processes in sustainable development, exploring the principles and roles of G-IoT in the progress of society through examining its potential for improving quality of life, environment, economic growth, and green global modernization. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2022-04-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/25 10.54327/set2022/v2.i1.25 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2022); 24-29 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2022/v2.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/25/22 Copyright (c) 2022 Belma Memić, Adisa Hasković Džubur, Elma Avdagic-Golub https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/26 2025-04-05T10:50:14Z SET:CES driver

A pratical implementation of deep neural network for facial emotion recognition Djellali, Ferroudja Deljanin, Emir facial expressions artificial neural network image classification real time predictions People's emotions are rarely put into words, far more often they are expressed through other cues. The key to intuiting another's feelings is in the ability to read nonverbal channels, tone of voice, gesture, facial expression and the like. Facial expressions are used by humans to convey various types of meaning in a variety of contexts. The range of meanings extends from basic, probably innate, social-emotional concepts such as "surprise" to complex, culture-specific concepts such as "neglect". The range of contexts in which humans use facial expressions extends from responses to events in the environment to specific linguistic constructs in sign languages. In this paper, we will use an artificial neural network to classify each image into seven facial emotion classes. The model is trained on a database of FER+ images that we assume is large and diverse enough to indicate which model parameters are generally preferable. The overall results show that, the CNN model is efficient to be able to classify the images according to the state of emotions even in real time. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2021-04-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/26 10.54327/set2022/v2.i1.26 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2022); 38-43 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2022/v2.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/26/27 Copyright (c) 2021 Ferroudja Djellali, Emir Deljanin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/36 2025-04-05T10:51:27Z SET:CES driver

Hybrid Extended Fuzzy AHP and Fuzzy ARAS Methodology for Evaluating Train Organization Systems in Bosnia and Herzegovina Kalem, Aida Čabrić, Nermin railway train organization MCDM extended fuzzy AHP fuzzy ARAS The operational transport strategies of a state are developed as a combination of train organization systems and network usage systems. Due to the central importance of these operational transport strategies, special attention is paid to analyzing their functioning and the conditions under which different combinations of train organization systems and network usage become feasible and commercially viable. This study proposes a hybrid fuzzy approach to multi-criteria decision-making methods for evaluating and assessing train organization systems and network usage in Bosnia and Herzegovina. For this purpose, an extended Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (E-FAHP) was applied to determine the relative significance of each criterion, followed by ranking train systems using the Fuzzy Additive Ratio Assessment Method (Fuzzy ARAS). To validate the efficacy of the proposed framework, a case study was conducted using a real-world example. The findings demonstrate tangible potential for practical implementation. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2022-10-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/36 10.54327/set2022/v2.i2.36 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 2 No. 2 (2022); 43-55 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2022/v2.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/36/64 Copyright (c) 2022 Aida Kalem, Nermin Čabrić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/37 2025-04-05T10:51:27Z SET:ART driver

Modelling of Pollutants Dispersion from Open Burning of Solid Waste Using AERMOD POPOOLA, Adewemimo Oluwakunmi Jimoda, Lukuman Adekilekun Olu-Arotiowa, Olusesan Abel Adebanjo , Sunday Adekunle Raji, Wuraola Abake Adepoju, Tosin Tayo Air quality Open burning Solid waste AERMOD Dispersion modelling Pollutants This study evaluates the air quality impact of open burning of solid waste activities in Ilorin, Nigeria. An emission inventory was carried out to quantify the emitted CO, NOx and SOx from 2016- 2020 into the study area. Their ground level concentrations were computed with the Industrial Source Complex – American Meteorological Society (AMS) and United State Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Regulatory Model (AERMOD) dispersion model and compared with standards to determine their impacts on ambient air quality. The average hourly, daily and annual concentrations were 25,267 µg/m3, 4,609 µg/m3, 447 µg/m3 for carbon monoxide (CO); 4,700 µg/m3, 730 µg/m3, 130 µg/m3 for oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and 954 µg/m3, 144 µg/m3, 24 µg/m3 for oxides of sulphur (SOx) respectively. The hourly air quality for CO were within the World Bank standard for all the receptor communities except at Abe-Emi with 2.17 folds, while the daily air quality was within the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnV) limit. However, the 1-h, 24-h and annual air quality for NOx exceeded the FMEnV and World Bank standard for all the receptor communities. Similarly, the hourly and daily air quality for SOx exceeded the FMEnV and World Bank standard for all the receptor communities. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2022-10-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/37 10.54327/set2022/v2.i2.37 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 2 No. 2 (2022); 14-22 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2022/v2.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/37/30 Copyright (c) 2022 Adewemimo Oluwakunmi POPOOLA, Lukuman Adekilekun Jimoda, Olusesan Abel Olu-Arotiowa, Sunday Adekunle Adebanjo , Wuraola Abake Raji, Tosin Tayo Adepoju https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/38 2025-04-05T10:51:27Z SET:ART driver

Prediction of User Throughput in the Mobile Network Along the Motorway and Trunk Road Ćurguz, Zoran Banjanin, Milorad Stojčić, Mirko Prediction Throughput Machine learning CFS k-NN Relative error The main goal of this research is to create a machine learning model for predicting user throughput in the mobile 4G network of the network provider M:tel Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The geographical area of the research is limited to the section of Motorway "9th January" (M9J) Banja Luka - Doboj, between the node Johovac and the town of Prnjavor (P-J section), and the area of the section of trunk road M17, between the node Johovac and the town of Doboj (J-D section). Based on the set of collected data, several models based on machine learning techniques were trained and tested together with the application of the Correlation-based Feature Selection (CFS) method to reduce the space of input variables. The test results showed that the models based on k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) have the lowest relative prediction error, for both sections, while the model created for the trunk road section has significantly better performance. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2022-10-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/38 10.54327/set2022/v2.i2.38 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 2 No. 2 (2022); 23-30 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2022/v2.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/38/31 Copyright (c) 2022 Zoran Ćurguz, Milorad Banjanin, Mirko Stojčić https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/39 2025-04-05T10:51:27Z SET:ART driver

Key Evaluation Criteria for Assessing the Introduction of Electric Vehicles into the Logistics Operators Fleet Džananović, Ajdin Dacić, Suada Muharemović, Ermin Electric Vehicles Logistics Operator Raiting parameters Life Cycle Assesment Increasing demands for logistics services cause several challenges related to total costs and meeting global environmental requirements. Logistic operators make efforts to improve all logistic processes and the distribution chain system by optimizing distribution networks and transport routes. Also, using clean or renewable energy help to meet the above-mentioned requirements by using environmentally friendly means of transportation such as electric and hybrid vehicles. The replacement of conventional with electric vehicles provides numerous benefits for improving the efficiency of the distribution chain system. This process is part of the concept known as Green Logistics, which strives to minimize the environmental impact of the logistics network and delivery. This paper focuses on identification of indicators for evaluating the acceptability of replacing conventional vehicles with electric vehicles in the fleet of logistics operators. We propose an evaluation matrix based on key indicators such as total costs, eco score fleet rating, and range and energy supply of vehicles. We use these indicators to determine the advantages, challenges, and possibilities of introducing electric vehicles in the logistics operator’s fleet. Also, we conducted a multi-criteria analysis of replacing conventional with electric vehicles in the fleet of one logistics operator. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2022-10-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/39 10.54327/set2022/v2.i2.39 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 2 No. 2 (2022); 1-6 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2022/v2.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/39/28 Copyright (c) 2022 Ajdin Džananović, Suada Dacić, Ermin Muharemović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/42 2025-04-05T10:47:59Z SET:ART driver

The Selection of a Possible Organizational Structure of Railway Companies by Application Fuzzy-ARAS Method Čabrić, Nermin Branković, Nedžad Kalem, Aida railway Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) fuzzy Additive Ratio ASsessment (ARAS) organizational structure triangular fuzzy numbers The European railway sector doesn't represent a single, generic type of organizational structure. The Directives from the 1990s offer the possibility for national interpretation giving a wide range of organizational structures for European railways. Different organizational structures of railways are present in the European railway market, and all of them are aligned with the national belief of the country - how to manage the railway. This paper focuses on Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods for ranking and selecting organizational structures of railways. In decision-making, we deal with different types of uncertainty and inaccuracy. For this purpose, we need to use some specific tools. In this paper, we use triangular fuzzy numbers to quantify linguistic data. To overcome the complexity of the decision-making problem, we propose the fuzzy Additive Ratio ASsessment (ARAS) method, which also includes linguistic variables and a group approach to decision-making. With the proposed methodology an evaluation of the alternatives to the organization structure of the railway company in Bosnia and Herzegovina is considered. Separation of railway transport from infrastructure management is ranked as the best organizational structure for this company. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2023-02-23 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/42 10.54327/set2023/v3.i1.42 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2023); 22-32 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2023/v3.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/42/33 Copyright (c) 2023 Aida Kalem, Nermin Čabrić, Nedžad Branković https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/44 2025-04-05T10:51:27Z SET:ART driver

Application of ICT as a Key Element for Airport Safety and Security Operations Sahic, Adnan Cinac, Džemal Airports Multi-agent systems Airport safety Airport security Risk management Airport operations Airport ground services Airport risk management is a demanding task as several different areas have to be monitored including outer edges, car parks, terminals, and other passenger facilities. Information and communication technologies (ICT) are key elements for airport operation safety and security. One of the advantages of ICT based systems is they can react better and faster in real time and perform certain tasks at airports. This paper aims to present a safety overview of ICT and multi-agent systems (MAS) usage in the implementation of various airport operations. This paper aims to present a safety overview of ICT and MAS systems usage in the implementation of various airport operations. This paper summarizes a multi-agent concept that highlights their applications at airports such as passenger transfer, baggage management, aircraft handling, and field service through a detailed and extensive literature review on related topics. Much of the information on processes within the airport, processes in air traffic, and the processes of operators, i.e. airlines, is the result of monitoring work on a software development project for individual airports that serves to manage all processes in airports. The analysis led to the conclusion that safety and security in airports can be additionally improved by greater use of ICT as well as greater use of MAS, which ultimately contributes to the optimization of the airport. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2022-10-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/44 10.54327/set2022/v2.i2.44 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 2 No. 2 (2022); 7-13 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2022/v2.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/44/29 Copyright (c) 2022 Adnan Sahic, Džemal Cinac https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/45 2025-04-05T10:51:27Z SET:ART driver

Impact of Covid-19 on the Logistics Sector of Public Postal Operators in The Western Balkans Kosovac, Amel Muharemović, Ermin Kosovac, Muamer Kavran, Zvonko Rakić, Estera Mostarac, Katarina Blagojević, Mladenka Covid-19 Logistics Shipment Mail The Covid-19 pandemic has a direct impact on the social, economic, political, and other segments of society through a large number of lockdowns in 2020 and 2021. The largest postal and logistics companies as an integral part of the supply chain have been directly affected by the Covid 19 pandemic. Disruption in the supply chain significantly affects the movement of goods and the economic development of countries. This paper investigates the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on the logistics sector, with special emphasis on public postal operators (PPO) in some countries of the Western Balkans (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia). The paper analyzes the movement of express shipments in domestic transport, as well as imports and exports for 2020. There is almost no research on the implications of the covid-19 pandemic on the postal and logistics sectors of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia. The aim of this research is to understand the impact of the pandemic on this sector. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2022-10-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/45 10.54327/set2022/v2.i2.45 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 2 No. 2 (2022); 31-36 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2022/v2.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/45/32 Copyright (c) 2022 Amel Kosovac, Ermin Muharemović, Muamer Kosovac, Zvonko Kavran, Estera Rakić, Katarina Mostarac, Mladenka Blagojević https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/48 2025-04-05T10:47:59Z SET:ART driver

Impact of Road Pavement Condition on Vehicular Free Flow Speed, Vibration and In-Vehicle Noise Khan, Imran Khattak, Khurram Khan, Zawar Hussain Gulliver, Thomas Aaron Pavement Condition Index (PCI) pavement distress road pavement condition in-vehicle noise vibration vehicle speed Road infrastructure in good condition is a key requirement for efficient transportation systems which leads to economic prosperity and improved quality of life. However, road surface conditions deteriorate over time according to traffic loads and environmental factors. Poor road conditions lead to congestion, accidents, lost productivity, and driver fatigue. This work considers the relationship between road pavement condition and vehicle speed, vibration, and in-vehicle noise. A 7 km section of the Grand Trunk Road, Peshawar, Pakistan divided into 280 segments (140 for each lane), of length 50 m was observed and the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) of each segment was determined based on the recurrent distress type and density according to ASTM D6433-011 guidelines. The number of very good, satisfactory, fair, poor, and very poor conditions are 51, 52, 81, 48, and 42, respectively. The mobile app BotlnckDectr was employed to measure vehicle speed, RPM, noise, vibration, GPS location, and time. Statistical analysis was employed to determine the relationship between PCI and vehicle speed, vibration, and in-vehicle noise. The results obtained indicate that noise and vibration increase by 3.3% and more than 30%, respectively, as the pavement condition changes from good to very poor, and vehicle speed decreases by 8.8%. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2023-03-14 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/48 10.54327/set2023/v3.i1.48 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2023); 1-8 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2023/v3.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/48/34 Copyright (c) 2023 Imran Khan, Khurram Khattak, Zawar Hussain Khan, Thomas Aaron Gulliver https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/55 2025-04-05T10:47:59Z SET:CES driver

Identifying the Causes of Delay in the Building Sector in Egypt: A Case Study of Small and Medium-Sized Companies Albasyouni, Wahbi Elbassal, Abdallah construction delay causes of delay delay in buidling projects Egyptian construction sector Delay in the construction industry is known to be a significant issue as indicated by many studies in the past few years. The construction sector in Egypt is not an exception as a wide range of projects are suffering from time overrun. the presence of time overrun in the project is the root of other problems such as cost overrun and poor quality. Hence, one of the simplest ways of dealing with delays is by identifying the causes and sources of delays in construction projects in Egypt. Therefore, this paper discussed the causes of delay in the building sector in Egypt according to the perspective of professional parties working in different small and medium-sized companies. The main method of data collection was a questionnaire survey with small and medium-sized companies in Egypt. The participants had more than 5 years of experience in the Egyptian construction sector. The financial problems faced by owners were considered significant by two different companies which indicates that this factor is usually the reason for delays in projects in Egypt. Ineffective planning and scheduling have also proven to be important in the procedure of preventing delays as it was mentioned by all experts involved in the data collection. This study has shown that the perspective of experts working in different companies may not be the same regarding the causes of delays in the construction sector. The adequate understanding of the causes aids in proposing effective strategies that can reduce the occurrence and impact of delays. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2023-04-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/55 10.54327/set2023/v3.i1.55 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2023); 81-90 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2023/v3.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/55/38 Copyright (c) 2023 Wahbi Albasyouni, Abdallah Elbassal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/56 2025-04-05T10:47:59Z SET:ART driver

Traffic Signal Controller Optimization Through VISSIM to Minimize Traffic Congestion, CO and NOx Emissions, and Fuel Consumption Gunarathne, Dinakara Amarasingha, Niranga Wickramasighe, Vasantha Signal Optimization VISSIM Traffic Congestion Traffic Microsimulation In developing countries with heterogeneous traffic, such as Sri Lanka, it is possible to observe severe traffic congestion at intersections and traffic corridors. The main objective of this study was to demonstrate the optimization of traffic signal controllers using VISSIM microsimulation software. It aimed to minimize traffic congestion, emissions, and fuel consumption. This study focused on developing a traffic signal controller optimization program for a congested traffic corridor which consisted of a three-legged signalized intersection, a four-legged unsignalized intersection, and a three-legged unsignalized intersection. The entire corridor was modeled here, and the already signalized three-legged intersection was optimized. Traffic signal controller optimization was done separately through the built-in optimization features in VISSIM and Webster’s Method. The results showed that emissions and fuel consumption were reduced by 14.89 % in VISSIM optimization and 14.11% in optimization using Webster’s Method. Through the comparison between the VISSIM optimized signal timing and manually calculated signal timing, it was found that the signal timing optimization provides much more improved results than the manual signal timing calculations. Using the proposed methodology, the traffic signal controllers can be optimized within a short duration in very few steps without any iterations compared to the existing traffic signal controller optimization techniques. Therefore, the proposed methodology is a good alternative method to optimize the traffic signal controllers. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2023-04-12 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/56 10.54327/set2023/v3.i1.56 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2023); 9-21 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2023/v3.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/56/37 Copyright (c) 2023 Dinakara Gunarathne, Niranga Amarasingha, Vasantha Wickramasighe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/57 2025-04-05T10:47:25Z SET:ART driver

Synergistic Photocatalytic Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium Using Graphene Quantum Dots and Formic Acid Optimization and Kinetics Silmina, Silmina Wu, Xi-lin Rolle, Christine Chen, Feng Wang, Hao Khairunnisa, Silva Husin, Husni Abnisa, Faisal Graphene Quantum Dots Hexavalent Chromium Formic Acid Photocatalysis Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) has garnered a significant deal of interest in environmental remediation, particularly for reducing hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] to trivalent chromium [Cr (III)]. This study focused on the photocatalytic process of Cr (VI) degradation using GQDs and Formic Acid (FA) under Uv-vis light. Batch experiments were conducted to observe the photocatalytic process of Cr (VI) degradation under Uv-vis light irradiation at varying concentrations of GQDs, FA, and Cr (VI) and different pH levels. The characterization of GQDs includes PL, XPS, XRD, and Raman Spectroscopy. This research revealed that combining GQDs and FA for the photocatalytic process of Cr (VI) reduction is possible. As expected, this system is more effective with lower concentrations of Cr (VI). When FA was introduced, the Cr (VI) degradation efficiency ratio increased. The GQDs/FA/Uv-vis system gave the highest degradation rate at 91.1% within 30 minutes. It was also observed that the optimum pH of the solution was 5.42, where the GQDs were quickly dissoluble. The photocatalytic reduction matched first-order reaction kinetics with a rate constant (k) of 0.1085 min−1 and R2 of 0.985. The primary radical in the degradation of Cr (VI) in the GQDs/FA/Uv-vis system was CO2•−. These findings highlight the potential of GQDs and FA as efficient catalysts for the photocatalytic reduction of Cr (VI) under Uv-vis light. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2023-07-22 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/57 10.54327/set2023/v3.i2.57 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 3 No. 2 (2023); 1-11 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2023/v3.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/57/47 Copyright (c) 2023 Silmina Silmina, Xi-lin Wu, Christine Rolle, Feng Chen, Hao Wang, Silva Khairunnisa, Husni Husin, Faisal Abnisa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/58 2025-04-05T10:47:59Z SET:ART driver

Electro-Osmotic Flow of MHD Jeffrey Fluid in a Rotating Microchannel by Peristalsis: Thermal Analysis K, V Reddy B, Venkateswarlu D, Chenna Kesavaiah Nallagundla, Nagendra MHD Jeffrey fluid heat transfer peristaltic & electroosmotic flow asymmetric micro-channel In this study, we examine the rotating and heat transfer on the peristaltic and electro-osmatic flow of a Jeffery fluid in an asymmetric microchannel with slip impact. A pressure gradient and anal axially imposed electric field work together to impact the electro-osmotic flow (EOF). Mathematical modeling is imported by employing the low Reynolds number and long wavelength approximation. The exact solution has been simplified for the stream function, temperature, and velocity distributions. The effects of diverse egress quantities on the gush virtue are exhibited and discussed with the help of graphs. The shear stress and trapping phenomena have been investigated. The characterization of results has been resolved for the flow governing ingrained appropriate parameters by employing the table. Our findings can be summarized as follows: (i) Debye length has a strong influence on the conducting viscous fluid of EOF in non-uniform micro-channel. (ii) The temperature field is enhanced through the elevated values of the rotation parameter and EOF. (iii) The shear stress has oscillatory behavior and the heat transmission rate increases with the magnitude of larger values of EOF. Finally, there is good agreement between the current results and those that have already been published. This model applies to the study of chemical fraternization/separation procedures and bio-microfluidic devices for the resolution of diagnosis. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2023-03-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/58 10.54327/set2023/v3.i1.58 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2023); 50-66 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2023/v3.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/58/36 Copyright (c) 2023 K. Venugopal Reddy, Venkateswarlu B, D. Chenna Kesavaiah, N. Nagendra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/65 2025-04-05T10:47:59Z SET:ART driver

Dynamics and Bifurcation for One Non-linear System Hadžiabdić, Vahidin Mehuljić, Midhat Bektešević, Jasmin Metović, Sadjit Equilibrium Bifurcation Stability Dynamics In this paper, we observed the ordinary differential equation (ODE) system and determined the equilibrium points. To characterize them, we used the existing theory developed to visualize the behavior of the system. We describe the bifurcation that appears, which is characteristic of higher-dimensional systems, that is when a fixed point loses its stability without colliding with other points. Although it is difficult to determine the whole series of bifurcations that lead to chaos, we can say that it is a common opinion that it is precisely the Hopf bifurcation that leads to chaos when it comes to situations that occur in applications. Here, subcritical and supercritical bifurcation occurs, and we can say that subcritical bifurcation represents a much more dramatic situation and is potentially more dangerous than supercritical bifurcation, technically speaking. Namely, bifurcations or trajectories jump to a distant attractor, which can be a fixed point, limit cycle, infinity, or in spaces with three or more dimensions, a foreign attractor. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2023-03-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/65 10.54327/set2023/v3.i1.65 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2023); 67-71 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2023/v3.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/65/35 Copyright (c) 2023 Vahidin Hadžiabdić, Midhat Mehuljić, Jasmin Bektešević, Sadjit Metović https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/68 2025-04-05T10:47:25Z SET:ART driver

Inclined MHD Effects in Tapered Asymmetric Porous Channel with Peristalsis: Applications in Biomedicine Tanveer, Anum Jarral, Sharak peristalsis inclined MHD Jeffrey nanofluid porous medium asymmeteic tapered channel This paper emphasized an inclined magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) effects in tapered asymmetric porous channel with peristalsis in the presence of slip boundary conditions. Here we considered the two-dimensional channel with a porous medium. The fundamental assumptions of long wavelength and low Reynolds number are applied in the relevant nonlinear equations for momentum, heat, and mass transfer as part of mathematical modeling. The equations subjected to slip boundary conditions have been solved numerically by the Mathematica software. Various essential physical characteristics of velocity, temperature, concentration, and heat transfer rate are captured graphically in the end. The velocity profile is found parabolic for various involved parameters. It is observed that the embedded parameters behave in the exact opposite manner when compared with temperature and concentration distributions. The sinusoidal behavior of the heat transfer rate is also displayed. The unique aspect of this effort is specifically to relate the Joule heating, Darcy resistance, and inclined magnetic field effects in peristaltic flow for a non-Newtonian Jeffrey fluid in an asymmetric tapered channel under the influence of slip boundary conditions. Such preferences have a wide range of applications in engineering, biology, and industry. The outcomes of the presented work are also proficient in the medical field for the treatment of cancer using MHD. The MHD also aids in controlling blood pressure during systolic and diastolic pressure conditions by regulating the blood flow stream. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2023-05-08 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/68 10.54327/set2023/v3.i2.68 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 3 No. 2 (2023); 36-46 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2023/v3.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/68/42 Copyright (c) 2023 Anum Tanveer, Sharak Jarral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/71 2025-04-05T10:47:59Z SET:ART driver

The Effect of Nozzle Size on the Tensile and Flexural Properties of PLA Parts Fabricated Via FDM Sudin, Mohd Nizam Daud, Nazri Md Ramli, Faiz Redza Yusuff, Mohd Asri FDM tensile properties flexural properties nozzle size 3D printer The nozzle of a 3D printer extrudes molten filament onto the print surface. The detachable and adjustable nozzle of a 3D printer allows for the printing of lines of varying thickness. This study intends to investigate the effect of nozzle diameter on the tensile and flexural properties of printed specimens. The tensile and flexural specimens were prepared according to ASTM D638 Type 1 and ISO 178, respectively. After specimens were printed with nozzles having diameters of 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.8 mm, tensile and flexural tests were conducted using an Instron 5585 machine. Each specimen was printed with 0.2 mm layer thickness, a line pattern, and 100 percent infill. Tensile and flexural behaviors of PLA specimens were comparable, according to the findings. Tensile and flexural strengths increase as nozzle diameter increases, but they are only effective up to a certain diameter. At a nozzle diameter of 0.6 mm, the maximum tensile strength was 33.32 MPa, and at a nozzle diameter of 0.5 mm, the maximum flexural strength was 76.76 MPa. The flexural strength decreases when using nozzles with diameters of 0.6 and 0.8 mm, and the tensile strength decreases when using a nozzle with a larger diameter (0.8 mm). Because the diameter of the nozzle has a significant impact on the mechanical properties of a part, it is crucial to choose the correct nozzle diameter for optimal mechanical properties. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2023-04-18 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/71 10.54327/set2023/v3.i1.71 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2023); 33-43 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2023/v3.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/71/39 Copyright (c) 2023 Mohd Nizam Sudin, Nazri Md Daud, Faiz Redza Ramli, Mohd Asri Yusuff https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/72 2025-04-05T10:47:25Z SET:ART driver

Electro-Osmotic Blood Flow of Shear-Thinning Fluid with Hall Current and Wall Flexibility Tanveer, Anum Hameed, Bushrah Hayat, Tasawar Alsaedi, Ahmed Electro-Osmosis Joule heating Hall current Magneto-hydrodynamics Shear thining fluid The presented article aims to present the flow of blood in microchannels such as veins and arteries via peristaltic flow.  The magnetic field is imposed to regulate the flow as laminar. Also, its impacts in terms of Hall current have been considered. The rate of heat transfer is further based on Joule heating and viscous dissipation aspects. Mathematical analysis has been conducted given long wavelength and small Reynolds number. Such preferences are relatable to the medical domain where the magnetic field regulates the flow stream and aids in the melting of blood clots in patients with various heart diseases. The solution for electric potential is calculated analytically while the velocity, temperature, and heat transfer rate are executed directly via the built-in command of Mathematica software. Since the magnetic field acts as an opposing force. Results show that the velocity and temperature are decreasing functions of the magnetic field. However, the temperature is increasing for Weissenberg number. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2023-09-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/72 10.54327/set2023/v3.i2.72 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 3 No. 2 (2023); 12-23 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2023/v3.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/72/50 Copyright (c) 2023 Anum Tanveer, Bushrah Hameed; Tasawar Hayat; Ahmed Alsaedi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/73 2025-04-05T10:47:25Z SET:ART driver

A Source-Code Maintainability Evaluation Model for Software Products Oumarou, Hayatou Kolyang maintainability, software quality, technical debt The maintainability index (MI) has been proposed to calculate a single number which expresses the maintainability of a system. This article presents a model for evaluating the maintainability of software products. The model improves the shortcomings observed in the maintainability assessment approaches in the quality assessment models SQuaRE (ISO25000), ISO 9126, Squale and the FCM standard. Its main innovation is to take into account the importance of entities in the system when calculating the maintainability score. This implies that the same type of defect will have a different score depending on the entity presenting it. Seven experts with several years of experience evaluated the model. They confirmed the effectiveness and usability of the model. Then, we compared our model with the Squale maintainability index and the classical maintainability index. The results show no correlation between these models. The implications are that each method gives a slightly different view of maintainability. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2023-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/73 10.54327/set2023/v3.i2.73 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 3 No. 2 (2023); 97-105 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2023/v3.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/73/44 Copyright (c) 2023 Hayatou Oumarou, Kolyang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/75 2025-04-05T10:47:59Z SET:REV driver

A Review of Smartphone as an Office: Security Risks and Mitigation Measures Muhambe Mukisa, Titus Murumba, Julius smartphone office work security threats counter measures Smartphones have become the most popular mode of communication as well as a novel mode of work, allowing users to work from anywhere and increasing their efficiency and responsiveness. However, the flexibility and convenience of mobile phones are associated with security risks. The objective of this study was to examine the threats and risks that smartphones face and to suggest mitigation strategies. A literature searches of scientific research articles published in online journals and databases was carried out. Some of the databases used are Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore Digital Library and Science Direct. The paper concludes that smartphones are not only capable of supporting office work but can also serve as a gateway to the Internet of Things (IoT) and a tool for user interaction with numerous electronic devices. This comes with concerns about technical threats associated with cybercrime, privacy infringements, and hidden data collection tendencies. The paper recommends advanced research to enhance counter-measures to mitigate the many existing security threats as well as those that may emerge in the future. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2023-04-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/75 10.54327/set2023/v3.i2.75 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2023); 72-80 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2023/v3.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/75/40 Copyright (c) 2023 Titus Muhambe Mukisa, Julius Murumba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/76 2025-04-05T10:47:25Z SET:ART driver

Investigating the Influence of Chemical Reaction on MHD-Casson Nanofluid Flow via a Porous Stretching Sheet with Suction/Injection Chenna Kesavaiah, Damala Nagaraju, Vellanki Bhumarapu, Venkateswarlu chemical reaction Casson nanofluid MHD porous medium section/injection heat and mass transfer stretching sheet viscous dissipation This study aims to investigate the influence of chemical reaction on the flow characteristics of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Casson nanofluid over a porous stretching sheet with suction/injection. The nanofluid (NF) is comprised of a base fluid with suspended nanoparticles (NPs), and the Casson fluid (CF) model is employed to capture the non-Newtonian behavior. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) for momentum, energy, and NP concentration are derived, incorporating the effects of magnetic field, viscous dissipation, chemical reaction, and porous medium. The resulting system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) is solved numerically using the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method together with the shooting process. The effects of various physical parameters, such as magnetic field strength, porous medium, CF parameters, NP volume fraction, suction/injection parameter, and chemical reaction parameter, on the flow characteristics are examined in detail. The results reveal that faster movement is linked to higher Grashof numbers and porous mediums, but weaker magnetic fields slow it down. The suction/injection affect velocity inversely. The Prandtl and Eckert numbers have opposite effects on temperature fields. The thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters affect the opposite trends of the concentration and temperature distributions. The concentration reduces with chemical reaction parameters and the Lewis number. Heat transfer (HT) is enhanced for higher Brownian and thermophoresis. The findings of this study can have potential applications in various engineering fields, such as microfluidics, chemical processing, and thermal management systems, where precise control of fluid flow and heat transfer is essential. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2023-07-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/76 10.54327/set2023/v3.i2.76 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 3 No. 2 (2023); 47-62 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2023/v3.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/76/48 Copyright (c) 2023 Damala Chenna Kesavaiah, Vellanki Nagaraju, Venkateswarlu B https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/78 2025-04-05T10:47:25Z SET:ART driver

HetroTraffSim: A Novel Traffic Simulation Software for Heterogeneous Traffic Flow Zeb, Ali Khattak, Khurram Ullah, Muhammad Rehmat Khan, Zawar Hussain Gulliver, Thomas Aaron traffic simulation software straight road Unity3D raycasting heterogeneous traffic flow Traffic simulation software (TSS) is employed for planning, designing, and managing road networks. Among existing TSS, only SUMO and HETROSIM can be used for heterogeneous traffic. The objective of this work is to develop new software for heterogeneous traffic simulation which is effective and efficient. This is motivated by the fact that traffic in developing countries is typically heterogeneous. The HetroTraffSim TSS was developed using Unity3D and is based on a recently developed macroscopic traffic flow model. A 360 m section of University Road which is a two-lane arterial road in Peshawar, Pakistan, is used to evaluate the performance using real traffic data. The results obtained show that an increase in density decreases the velocity. Further, HetroTraffSim can be used to characterize and predict heterogeneous traffic behavior. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2023-07-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/78 10.54327/set2023/v3.i2.78 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 3 No. 2 (2023); 63-74 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2023/v3.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/78/45 Copyright (c) 2023 Ali Zeb, Khurram Khattak, Muhammad Rehmat Ullah, Zawar Hussain Khan, Thomas Aaron Gulliver https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/79 2025-04-05T10:47:59Z SET:ART driver

Analytical and Numerical Contact Stress Analysis of Spur Gears Nestorovski, Blagoja Simonovski, Petar Hertz pressure contact stress pitting spur gear FEM The damage that occurs on the teeth flank of cylindrical gears is a complex phenomenon and depends on many factors. The most common cause for these damages is the high contact stress of the meshing gears. Although this contact pressure, by itself, cannot be a criterion for determining the durability of the gears, a good correlation has been found between the contact or Hertz pressure and the damage that occurs on the tooth flank. This paper analyzes the influence of the pressure angle α on the contact stress. Analytical calculation according to the ISO 6336-2:2006 and finite element method (FEM) was used for the analysis. Four cases were analyzed with a change in the pressure angle, i.e., cylindrical spur gears and pressure angles of 17.5°, 20°, 22.5° and 25°. In the results, it was noted that by increasing the pressure angle, the contact stress decreases. It can also be concluded that by increasing the pressure angle, the difference in the results between the analytical and FEM analysis, also increases. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2023-04-25 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/79 10.54327/set2023/v3.i1.79 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2023); 44-49 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2023/v3.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/79/41 Copyright (c) 2023 Blagoja Nestorovski, Petar Simonovski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/84 2025-04-05T10:47:25Z SET:REV driver

Brain Computer Interfaces: The Future of Communication Between the Brain and the External World ALMofleh, Anwar Alseddiqi, Mohamed Najam, Osama Albalooshi, Leena Alheddi, Abdulla Alshaimi, Ahmed Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs) electroencephalography (EEG) classification feature extraction signal acquisition This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current state of research on Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs) and their potential applications. The objective of this study was to gather information from various sources, including journal articles, conference papers, and books, to analyze the advancements and limitations of BCIs. A systematic literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and Google Scholar, with specific keywords related to BCIs and their applications. The selected studies were thoroughly analyzed to identify common themes, methodologies, and key findings. The main contributions of this review include an overview of different types of BCIs, their applications in fields such as medicine, entertainment, and education, and the challenges and limitations faced by BCI technology. The findings highlight the potential of BCIs in restoring motor function, improving the quality of life for individuals with various conditions, and enhancing human-technology interaction. Furthermore, the review identifies future research directions, including signal processing improvements, exploring hybrid and multimodal approaches, conducting long-term real-world studies, addressing ethical considerations, and prioritizing user-centred design. This comprehensive analysis of existing literature provides valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in the field of BCIs and sets the stage for future advancements in this rapidly evolving domain. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2023-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/84 10.54327/set2023/v3.i2.84 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 3 No. 2 (2023); 106-118 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2023/v3.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/84/43 Copyright (c) 2023 Anwar ALMofleh, Mohamed Alseddiqi, Osama Najam, Leena Albalooshi, Abdulla Alheddi, Ahmed Alshaimi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/86 2025-04-05T10:45:50Z SET:ART driver

Towards Automation of the FORM/BCS Method Oumarou, Hayatou Moussa Mahamat, Ibrahim Moulla, Donatien Koulla Software product line model transformation automatization FORM/BCS method The software industry is facing more complex computer systems, with short development and sustainability issues. To deliver good software with these constraints, software reuse has become a central concept for minimizing design and realization costs. This study improves upon Feature-Oriented Reuse Method with Business Component Semantics (FORM/BCS), a software development method that produces adaptable architectures from reusable domain components. This is a promising method for reusable software assets and model creation. The objective of the FORM/BCS is to bring the industrial production chain to the software. This study proposes a model to automatically transform the FORM/BCS business subsystem component into a process business component. Two metamodels for business subsystems and process business components were developed. In addition, this study establishes correspondences between the source metamodel and target metamodel classes, transformation rules, and the instance of the source metamodel and generates the target metamodel instance. Detailed findings can help practitioners reduce software design costs and development time, and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in software engineering. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2023-11-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/86 10.54327/set2024/v4.i1.86 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2024); 56-67 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2024/v4.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/86/53 Copyright (c) 2023 Hayatou Oumarou, Ibrahim Moussa Mahamat, Moulla Koulla Donatien https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/89 2025-04-05T10:47:25Z SET:ART driver

Recycling of Waste Cartons and Musanga cecropioides Heartwood into Composite Panels for Structural Application Umoren, Grace Peter Okorie, Uduakobong Sunday Akaolisa, Casmir Chukwuemeka Umoren, Emmanuel Bassey Ceiling Lignocellulosic constituents Thermal insulation Wall panelling Waste In this research, the suitability of composite panels developed from waste carton paste (WCP) and Musanga cecropioides heartwood particles (MHP) was assessed for structural applications. Proportions of the MHP adopted were 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 % by weight of the composite mix. For each formulation, three representative samples were fabricated and also subjected to various tests. The results of the tests showed variations in the mean values of water absorption (8.83 – 30.35 %), thickness swelling (3.72 – 10.84 %), bulk density (342.3 – 461.6 kgm-3), thermal conductivity (0.1166 – 0.1717 Wm-1K-1), thermal diffusivity (2.051 – 2.397 x 10-7 m2s-1), and flexural strength (1.388 – 9.636 MPa) as proportion of the MHP decreased from 100 % to 0 %. On the contrary, a positive correlation was observed in the cases of specific heat capacity (1.552 – 1.661 x 103 Jkg-1K-1) and solar radiation absorptivity (12.32 – 13.32 m-1) with respect to increase in the proportions of the MHP used. Though all the samples exhibited better performance tendencies for thermal insulation compared to conventional ceilings or partition elements used in buildings, it was observed that samples developed with more than 50 % of the MHP could not withstand nailability. Above all, waste cartons and Musanga cecropioides heartwood are promising raw materials to be considered for fabrication of low-cost composite thermal insulation panels suitable for application in building designs. This undertaking could also serve as a safe way of managing them as wastes. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2023-09-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/89 10.54327/set2023/v3.i2.89 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 3 No. 2 (2023); 75-83 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2023/v3.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/89/51 Copyright (c) 2023 Grace Peter Umoren, Uduakobong Sunday Okorie, Casmir Chukwuemeka Akaolisa, Emmanuel Bassey Umoren https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/91 2025-04-05T10:47:25Z SET:ART driver

Transient Analysis of Thermal Bending and Vibration of Steam Turbine Rotor Omenife, Nonso Desai, Dawood Dunne, Regan rotor transient analysis vibrations analytical analysis numerical analysis Rotor-bearing systems often exhibit nonlinear behavior due to hydrodynamic effects and external forces. Finite element methods based on linear analysis are commonly used for rotor dynamic analyses, where nonlinear bearing/damping forces are linearized into equivalent stiffness and damping coefficients. However, this method may not accurately describe strongly nonlinear systems. Engineers use transient analysis and nonlinear models to improve rotor behavior analysis. This study investigates the effects of transient-thermal bending and vibration on a high-pressure steam turbine rotor using the finite element method. A scaled rotor-shaft was used to study thermal bending and vibrations caused by steam heat. The design of the shaft was based on an existing power station high-pressure turbine rotor. Numerical modal analyses were performed using ANSYS software to obtain a partial level of integrity between the numerical model and the analytical model. Natural frequencies were compared between the experimental, numerical, and analytical results, which showed good correlations. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2023-07-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/91 10.54327/set2023/v3.i2.91 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 3 No. 2 (2023); 84-96 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2023/v3.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/91/46 Copyright (c) 2023 Nonso Omenife, Dawood Desai, Regan Dunne https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/94 2025-04-05T10:47:25Z SET:REV driver

Architectural Features of the First Period (13th-15th Century) Tekkes in the Balkan Ibrahimgil, Ammar Ottoman Architecture Balkan Dervish Lodge Sari Saltuk Tekke Islamic religion spreading was influenced by the different local traditions among which Sufism, a religious mysticism (tasavvuf) organized under the institutions of tariqa emerged. This was followed by the emergence of as a place where divisions (orders) members were gathered known under names of tekke, zaviye, hankâh, ribat and a dervish lodge. This study elaborates several tekkes established by the Ottomans in the Balkans. Building style of the tekkes varied according to the procedures as well as manners of the order. Tekkes, which have a simple appearance, generally consist of a mosque, semahane, cellar, kitchen, cells, çilehane, selâmlık and harem. However, most of the buildings within the tekke are constructed over a large span of time. The aim of this study is to better understand the spatial setup of this organizational structure, which directly contributed to the conquest in the Balkans through the janissary corps and to the futuwwa (a set of religious and moral vocational norms) through the ahis (religious and moral vocational chamber). For this purpose, the locations of the tekkes and their architectural features, which were established successively one after the other with the conquests, have been analyzed. In final, the architectural typological of the tekkes is obtained according to the belief tradition, positioning, foundation schemes and special plans of the early period structures set within the tekke. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2023-08-22 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/94 10.54327/set2023/v3.i2.94 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 3 No. 2 (2023); 119-130 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2023/v3.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/94/49 Copyright (c) 2023 Ammar Ibrahimgil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/101 2025-04-05T10:47:25Z SET:ART driver

Fatigue Life Prediction of Mistuned Steam Turbine Blades Subjected to Deviations in Blade Geometry Mashiachidi, Makgwantsha Desai, Dawood Steam turbine blade geometry turbine blades finite element analysis fatigue life low pressure fe-safe life prediction The blades of the steam turbine are subjected to bending of the steam flow, centrifugal loading, vibration response, and structural mistuning. These factors mentioned contribute significantly to the fatigue failure of steam turbine blades. Low pressure (LP) steam turbines experience premature blade and disk failures due to the stress concentrations in the root location of the blade of its bladed disk. This study of mistuned steam turbine blades subjected to variation in blade geometry will be of great significance to the electricity generation industry. A simplified, mistuned, scaled-down steam turbine bladed disk model was developed using ABAQUS finite element analysis (FEA) software. The acquisition of the vibration characteristics and steady-state stress response of the disk models was carried out through FEA. Such studies are very limited. Subsequently, numerical stress distributions were acquired and the model was subsequently exported to Fe-Safe software for fatigue life calculations based on centrifugal and harmonic sinusoidal pressure loading. Vibration characteristics and response of the variation of the geometric blade of the steam turbine were investigated. Natural FEA frequencies compared well with the published literature of real steam turbines, indicating the reliability of the developed FEA model. The study found that fatigue life is most sensitive to changes in blade length, followed by width and then thickness, in this order. Analytical life cycles and Fe-Safe software show a percentage difference of less than 4.86%. This concludes that the numerical methodology developed can be used for real-life mistuned steam turbine blades subjected to variations in blade geometry. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2023-10-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/101 10.54327/set2023/v3.i2.101 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 3 No. 2 (2023); 24-35 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2023/v3.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/101/52 Copyright (c) 2023 Makgwantsha Mashiachidi, Dawood Desai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/102 2025-11-12T20:46:45Z SET:REV driver

Challenges, Strategies and Recommendations for Reengineering Engineering Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review Mashiyane, Themba Salifu, Smth Ogunbiyi, Olugbenga Oketola, Adeola Curriculum Social context Reengineering Professional Collaboration Undergraduate With the continent of Africa occupying the front seat of underdevelopment in the world, and its population increasing exponentially, there is an urgent need to come up with strategies to tackle the underdevelopment ravaging the continent and the demand posed by its constantly growing population. Engineering through appropriate engineering education is the answer to these challenges. In this review article, some of the challenges facing engineering education in sub-Saharan Africa such as responsiveness and relevance in the design of the undergraduate curriculum, shortage in the engineering capacity, etc. were studied. The factors that influence engineering education, in general, were also discussed and the strategies that are required for producing engineering graduates capable of taking up the challenges facing the 21st century engineers in the region were highlighted. Lastly, the review presents a guide for future engineering education and recommendations on how to re-engineer engineering education in sub-Saharan Africa to produce engineering graduates who are qualified technically and otherwise. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2023-11-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/102 10.54327/set2024/v4.i1.102 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2024); 137-153 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2024/v4.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/102/54 Copyright (c) 2023 Themba Mashiyane, Smth Salifu, Olugbenga Ogunbiyi, Adeola Oketola https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/107 2025-04-05T10:45:50Z SET:REV driver

Evaluation and Challenges of IoT Simulators for Intelligent Transportation System Applications Khattak, Khurram Shehzad Khan, Zawar Hussain Internet of Things IoT simulator simulation Cloud computing Amazon web services The Internet-of-Things (IoT) constructs a vast, intricate, and perpetually evolving ecosystem exerting profound societal implications. This labyrinthine nature often culminates in errors that directly impact human lives. A significant domain where this complexity materializes is Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Present tools and methodologies inadequately accommodate the complex task of testing and validation, underscoring the urgency for comprehensive review and enhancement. This study aims to present a broad analysis of existing simulators utilized for ITS simulations. It delves into the role and effectiveness of such simulation tools, highlighting their limitations and proposing research directions. This paper scrutinizes both commercial and research-oriented IoT simulators for ITS, evaluating their features and simulation environment tools. We have detailed various ITS scenarios simulated within these frameworks, intending to gauge their readiness for real-world ITS applications and to elaborate on the challenges involved in ITS infrastructure implementation. The findings suggest that despite numerous simulators aiding the evolution of solutions for IoT challenges in recent years, their utility in actual ITS implementations remain uncertain. Consequently, we explore public cloud platforms offering IoT simulation capabilities, focusing particularly on the capabilities provided by the Amazon Web Services (AWS) IoT simulation for this study. Our research outlines the pressing challenges in this field, while proposing potential solutions and flagging opportunities for further research. This study paves the way towards improving the reliability and accuracy of IoT simulators in the context of ITS, which has immense potential to enhance the quality of human life. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2023-12-15 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/107 10.54327/set2024/v4.i1.107 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2024); 94-111 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2024/v4.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/107/55 Copyright (c) 2023 Khurram Shehzad Khattak, Zawar Hussain Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/108 2025-04-05T10:45:50Z SET:ART driver

Analysis of Brush Seal Interaction with Steam Turbine Rotor-Shafts Omenife, Nonso Desai, Dawood Dunne, Regan Brush seal steam turbine Ansys sealing High-speed turbines are a major source for power production. They utilize high pressure and temperature fluid flow. Sealing of these machines to decrease the flow losses has been a major engineering challenge since the inception of steam turbines. From an engineering viewpoint, seals are used to introduce friction in the fluid flow path. This reduces the flow leakage. Improved seal performance offers substantial opportunities for turbine performance. Reduced leakages in steam turbines can lead to greater efficiency and power output. They can also allow tighter control of turbine secondary flows. However, sealing these machines is a major challenge. There are several seal locations on a steam turbine that have significant performance derivatives. These include the interstage shaft packing, the end packing, and the bucket tip seals. Brush seals are ideal for these locations because they can reduce the flow losses. This study analysed the efficiency of the steam turbine by using ANSYS APDL. It assessed the leakage performance of the brush seal for different cases and geometries. It also used porous medium modelling of the bristle pack to provide insight for designers. The outputs of interest were the rotor-shaft temperature and the efficiency of the entire turbine with the brush seal. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2024-01-26 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/108 10.54327/set2024/v4.i1.108 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2024); 32-44 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2024/v4.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/108/56 Copyright (c) 2024 Nonso Omenife, Dawood Desai, Regan Dunne https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/114 2025-04-05T10:45:50Z SET:ART driver

Optimizing Biomedical Facilities Performance with Dombeya Fiber-Paper Particle Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy Composites Onuh , Linus Nnubuike Oladele, Isiaka Oluwole Falana, Samuel Olumuyiwa, Isaiah Adegun, Miracle Hope Adelani, Samson Oluwagbenga Agbabiaka, Ganiu Okikiola Natural fiber Hybrid Dombeya fiber Paper-particles Epoxy Biocomposite Biomedical Mechanical Wear Since the last two decades, the use of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites has garnered significant application considerations over the synthetic fiber reinforced composites due to their numerous advantages and unique properties. Likewise, epoxy resin has attracted the interest of many researchers for composite synthesis, basically because of its chemical stability, thermal and mechanical characteristics. Hence, the primary aim of this study was to investigate the influence of dombeya fiber and paper particulate on the physical and mechanical properties of dombeya fiber and paper particulate-reinforced polymer composites for structural applications. Dombeya fiber and paper particles are renewable and biodegradable materials, thereby making them environmentally friendly materials to replace synthetic materials. Hand lay-up technique was utilized to fabricate the hybrid-reinforced biocomposites after which they were subjected to mechanical, wear, density, and moisture absorption properties. The surface morphology of the fractured surface was also analyzed to investigate its microstructural features. It was discovered from the results that hybrid biocomposites demonstrated improved properties over the unreinforced composite, with composites from 9-wt% dombeya fiber-paper particles reinforced biocomposite exhibiting the most suitable properties with commensurate density with the unreinforced epoxy matrix. These obtained characteristics support the material as a suitable material for biomedical apparatus application such as orthopedic implants, surgical instruments, and bone fixation devices.  O.D. IMS Vogosca 2024-03-25 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/114 10.54327/set2024/v4.i1.114 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2024); 14-31 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2024/v4.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/114/57 Copyright (c) 2024 Linus Nnubuike Onuh , Isiaka Oluwole Oladele, Samuel Falana, Isaiah Olumuyiwa, Miracle Hope Adegun, Samson Oluwagbenga Adelani, Ganiu Okikiola Agbabiaka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/118 2025-04-05T10:45:50Z SET:ART driver

NPK Biofertilizer Production from Banana Peel, Feather and Bone Ashes and their Comparative Advantage to 20:10:10 Inorganic Fertilizer Abubakar, Abdulhalim Musa Luka, Yusufu Abdullahi, Suleiman Baboo, Prem Kareem, Semiu Adebayo Bio-fertilizer NPK 20:10:10 Inorganic fertilizer Chicken bone Feather ash Kjeldahl method The possibility of formulating nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) biofertilizer from ashes of waste organic materials such as chicken feathers, bone and banana peels is investigated in this study by first subjecting the agricultural waste to 80-250  heat in a muffle furnace to produce ash. Kjeldatherm block digestion unit, UV spectrophotometer, and flame photometers, respectively helped in measuring the concentrations of N, P and K inherent in the fertilizer precursors as well as in 5 formulated blends (i.e., A, B, C, D & E). It was discovered that NPK in the single substrate and blends favorably compared with standard NPK 20:10:10 chemical fertilizer to some extent. Among single material fertilizer sources, feather ash with 0.179:1:0.134 NPK and bone ash with 0.009:1:0.021 NPK had the closest nutrient content with the standard, showing potential promise. On the other hand, Blend E is the same as the standard, followed by Blend A, B, D and C, which are hierarchically close in elemental composition to the standard. The choice of these biofertilizers is dependent on their nutrient compositions, the type of crops to be grown, and the soil mineral requirements. Most importantly, different NPK ratio organic fertilizers produced in this study can competitively be produced in a large scale to address huge costs associated with the NPK 20:10:10 standard commercial fertilizer. Blend E (NPK 20:10:10) can be formulated locally by farmers in rural areas easily using this particular agricultural residue or a host of other confirmed farm wastes. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2024-04-17 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/118 10.54327/set2024/v4.i1.118 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2024); 68-79 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2024/v4.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/118/60 Copyright (c) 2024 Abdulhalim Musa Abubakar, Yusufu Luka, Suleiman Abdullahi, Prem Baboo, Semiu Adebayo Kareem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/125 2025-04-05T10:45:32Z SET:ART driver

Automated Data Quality Control System in Health and Demographic Surveillance System Tlouyamma, Joseph Mokwena, Sello Automated data quality control Application programming interface Data quality framework Health and demographic surveillance system Data quality The automated data quality management system serves as a comprehensive solution developed to enhance the precision, dependability, and uniformity of data within data-driven organizations. Such systems play an important role in eliminating the shortcomings associated with manual data quality management, which is prevalent in health and demographic surveillance systems (HDSS). The ongoing difficulty of ensuring data quality through manual processing hinders the HDSS's capacity to optimize data quality effectively. To address this challenge, our study adopted design science methodologies to provide guidelines for the design and implementation of the automated data quality control system. The open source technologies (Pentaho data integration, R Studio, SQL, Windows task scheduler) were used to facilitate the automation and validation of the incoming and database resident data. The quality of data has vastly improved since the implementation of the proposed system. The findings suggest that the automated data quality control system exhibited superior performance compared to the manual methods, thereby minimizing errors and time-wasting efforts.   O.D. IMS Vogosca 2024-05-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/125 10.54327/set2024/v4.i2.125 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024); 82-91 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2024/v4.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/125/65 Copyright (c) 2024 Joseph Tlouyamma, Sello Mokwena https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/126 2025-07-31T12:00:22Z SET:REV driver

Ethical Knowledge Sharing Leveraging Blockchain: An Overview Wijesekara, Patikiri Arachchige Don Shehan Nilmantha knowledge blockchain ethical knowledge sharing intellectual property informed consent knowledge fusion The knowledge that is acquired through a learning process has ethical concerns when shared, as there can be restrictions on the parties who can use the piece of knowledge, redistribution approaches protecting the creator's rights, privacy, and confidentiality concerns, accuracy and trustworthiness, openness and transparency, and informed consent. Blockchain structure encompasses a series of coupled blocks that are intrinsically linked with the conservation of authenticity, ensuring irrefutability, and the semi-anonymity of transactions. As pioneers in reviewing BC-based ethical Knowledge Sharing (KS), we categorize the model into 4 classes and critically evaluate the literature relative to knowledge-associated features, ethical knowledge-sharing aspects, BC-associated features, and network features. We heaped a commencing sample of 69 document references by selecting the literature for eligibility conditions pursued from intellectual resource search platforms, leveraging a profound and overly extended-period technique. We investigate and emphasize that, owing to innate security properties, blockchain can facilitate ethical KS in numerous ways, such as leveraging a dedicated consensus approach for ethical KS (Class 1), leveraging blockchain itself for knowledge storage and sharing due to its mutation-proof, non-tamperable, fault tolerance features (Class 2), ensuring the confidentiality of knowledge by leveraging additional encryption techniques on blockchain (Class 3), and leveraging smart contracts for attribute-based searching, knowledge fusion, access control, reward-driven KS, etc. (Class 4). Critical evaluation unveils that from BC-based ethical KS frameworks, 50% utilize smart contracts with blockchain for knowledge-based activities, 90% leverage progressive BC architecture, 6.7% leverage proof-of-knowledge consensus, 93.4% share propositional knowledge, and 70% share explicit knowledge. Moreover, accuracy, openness and transparency, privacy, trustworthiness, truthfulness, and confidentiality have been the dominant factors in ethical KS principles of interest. Finally, we examine the openings and hurdles of the model of blockchain-based ethical KS, then propose actions to diminish them, and afterward present future directions, implications, and limitations for the concept. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2024-04-12 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/126 10.54327/set2024/v4.i1.126 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2024); 112-136 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2024/v4.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/126/59 Copyright (c) 2024 Patikiri Arachchige Don Shehan Nilmantha Wijesekara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/127 2025-04-05T10:45:50Z SET:REV driver

Transforming Vehicular Networks: How 6G can Revolutionize Intelligent Transportation? Aghaei Anvigh, Amir Khavan, Yashar Pourghebleh, Behrouz 6G technology Intelligent transportation Vehicular networks Ultra-high data rates Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) have enabled intelligent transportation systems by facilitating communication between vehicles and roadside infrastructure. However, the current 5G and 4G networks that support VANETs have certain limitations that hinder the full potential of VANET applications. These limitations include constraints in bandwidth, latency, connectivity, and security. The upcoming 6G network is expected to revolutionize VANETs by introducing several advancements. 6G will provide ultra-fast communication with significantly reduced latency, enabling real-time and high-bandwidth data exchange between vehicles. The network will also offer highly reliable and secure connectivity, ensuring the integrity and privacy of VANET communications. Precise localization and sensing capabilities will be enhanced in 6G-based VANETs, enabling accurate positioning of vehicles and improved situational awareness. This will facilitate collision avoidance, traffic management, and cooperative driving applications. Moreover, integrating edge computing in 6G networks will bring computing resources closer to the edge, lowering response times and facilitating faster decision-making in time-critical scenarios. This paper explores the key features and capabilities of 6G technology and how it can revolutionize intelligent transportation, addressing challenges and opportunities for adopting 6G in VANETs. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2024-04-02 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/127 10.54327/set2024/v4.i1.127 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2024); 80-93 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2024/v4.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/127/58 Copyright (c) 2024 Amir Aghaei Anvigh, Yashar Khavan, Behrouz Pourghebleh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/129 2025-04-05T10:45:32Z SET:ART driver

Utilizing Support Vector Machines to Detect Hate Speech on Social Media Athoillah, Muhammad Putri, Rani Kurnia Automated Systems Classification Hate Speech Detection Sentiment Analysis Text Mining This paper presents a novel application of Support Vector Machines (SVM) in developing automated systems to detect hate speech on social media platforms, addressing a critical need for scalable solutions to enhance online safety and societal cohesion. By leveraging SVM's proven efficacy in managing high-dimensional data and optimizing the balance between precision and recall, the study offers a comprehensive methodology that includes data collection, preprocessing, model training, deployment, and evaluation. The results demonstrate robust average performance across key metrics, affirming the model's reliability in accurately identifying hate speech while minimizing false positives. This research advances the field by showcasing the practical and theoretical contributions of SVM in automated hate speech detection, highlighting its potential to significantly improve content moderation practices. The findings underscore the necessity for ongoing refinement of detection systems and collaborative efforts among researchers, technology firms, and policymakers to create more inclusive online environments that promote respectful discourse and community well-being. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2024-09-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/129 10.54327/set2024/v4.i2.129 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024); 53-60 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2024/v4.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/129/70 Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Athoillah, Rani Kurnia Putri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/138 2025-04-05T10:45:50Z SET:ART driver

Comparative Performance Evaluation of Magnetron Sputtered TiN, AlCrN, and TiAlCrN Coatings Montwedi, Baitsi Jeje, Samson Shongwe, Mxolisi Magnetron Sputtering TiAlCrN Thin film deposition Nanoindentation Hardness This study presents a comparative performance evaluation of magnetron-sputtered TiN, AlCrN, and TiAlCrN coatings on tool steel substrates. Coatings play a pivotal role in enhancing the durability of engineering components exposed to harsh conditions. TiN is known for outstanding hardness and durability, AlCrN for superior wear resistance, and TiAlCrN for exceptional thermal stability and oxidation resistance. The substrate (EN 1.2363) underwent PVD coating using a closed-field unbalanced magnetron sputter ion plating (CFUBMSIP) process in a water-cooled stainless-steel vacuum chamber with four magnetron ports, operating for 3 hours per batch followed by 12 hours of natural convection cooling, utilizing TiN, AlCrN, and TiAlCrN films deposited for 180 minutes in an Ar and nitrogen atmosphere. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed distinctive crystal structures, with all coatings exhibiting a common preferred orientation of the (111) plane and TiAlCrN showing a ternary nitride phase. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images displayed the compact nature of TiAlCrN with finer grains, while TiN exhibited a densely compacted with no evidence of delamination and AlCrN showed denseness with smaller grains. Nano-indentation test was conducted to assess the coatings' hardness and elastic modulus. TiAlCrN exhibited the highest hardness (3091±243 HV), highest elastic modulus (369.86±54.19 GPa), and the best wear rate (0.1887 x 10-4 mm3/Nm-1) suggesting potential suitability for applications demanding superior rigidity and wear resistance. The study provides valuable insights for materials scientists and engineers in optimizing coating selection for specific applications. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2024-04-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/138 10.54327/set2024/v4.i1.138 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2024); 45-55 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2024/v4.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/138/62 Copyright (c) 2024 Baitsi Paula Montwedi, Samson Olaitan JEJE, Mxolisi Brendon Shongwe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/139 2025-04-05T10:45:50Z SET:ART driver

Assessment of Buckling Failure in Oil Storage Tanks: Finite Element Simulation of Combined Internal and External Pressure Scenarios Mashiyane, Themba Tartibu, Lagouge Salifu, Smith Abaqus buckling external pressure internal pressure storage tank fe-safe Investigating the structural behaviour and buckling susceptibility of cylindrical oil storage tanks is crucial for ensuring their safe and reliable operation. In this study, the structural behaviour and buckling susceptibility of closed roof-top cylindrical oil storage tanks under combined internal and external pressure scenarios were investigated using the finite element analysis (FEA) technique. By utilizing the FEA technique, the combined effect of wind-induced pressure of 250 Pa, applied on the outer surface of the tank and internal pressure of 0.5 MPa, applied on the outer surface of the storage was analysed. The result reveals significant stress concentrations and deformation patterns, particularly on the windward side of the tank, thus, emphasizing the susceptibility of the storage tank to buckling under the specified operating conditions for both the filled and half-filled tank; with internal pressure emerging as the primary contributor to mechanical strain and deformation experienced in the tank, while the wind load plays a secondary but significant role in the deformation of the tank. The fe-safe predicted useful life shows that under the specified operating conditions, the filled storage tank will survive 1 429 hours (2 months) while the half-filled tank will survive 3 551 hours (5 months) before failure due to buckling. Thus, the useful life estimation results show the importance of varying oil levels and operating conditions in the structural assessments of storage tanks. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2024-04-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/139 10.54327/set2024/v4.i1.139 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2024); 1-13 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2024/v4.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/139/61 Copyright (c) 2024 Themba Mashiyane, Lagouge Tartibu, Smith Salifu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/140 2025-04-05T10:45:32Z SET:REV driver

A Review of Fatigue Failure and Life Estimation Models: From Classical Methods to Innovative Approaches Salifu, Smith Olubambi, Peter Apata Fatigue critical plane multiaxial genetic algorithm optimization algorithm ant-stigmergy algorithms This review paper encompasses a comprehensive exploration of fatigue failure and fatigue life estimation techniques which spans from the classical methods to new and innovative approaches. The paper looks into the limitations and advancements of these techniques and highlights their respective strengths and areas for improvement. Some of the models such as artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms exhibit clear advantages in terms of processing speed, accuracy, and adaptability to diverse materials and loading scenarios. For instance, in estimating fatigue life under multiaxial loading, the stress scale factor model emerges as a viable alternative to the critical plane-based approach, as this technique offers superior efficiency under both constant and variable amplitude loadings. Additionally, optimization algorithms such as artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms show promising potential in efficiently estimating fatigue life due to their rapid computational capabilities. Despite the notable successes achieved by these techniques, none of them can be ascribed as a universal model capable of accurately estimating the fatigue life of all materials across diverse operating conditions as each of the techniques possesses its unique strengths and weaknesses, thus, necessitating the study for a better understanding of their applicability. Hence, this paper serves as a valuable compilation of various fatigue analysis techniques, targeted at paving the way towards the development of a universal model capable of handling different materials and loading conditions. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2024-05-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/140 10.54327/set2024/v4.i2.140 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024); 123-151 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2024/v4.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/140/67 Copyright (c) 2024 Smith Salifu, Peter Apata Olubambi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/143 2025-04-05T10:45:32Z SET:ART driver

Boundary Layer Modelling of Flow Acceleration and Energy Transfer Effects in Smart Pavement Design Fameso, Festus Ndambuki, Julius Kupolati, Williams Snyman, Jacques energy conservation heat transfer numerical modelling smart pavements pavement drainage The integration of remote technology into the construction industry has advanced the emergence of smart, self-learning infrastructure across all levels of land transportation design and development. However, energy harvesting capabilities for smart road ventilation purposes have not yet been fully researched as the world gravitates towards energy sustainability. This study thus presents a mathematical investigation of the self-draining design potentials of road pavements, leveraging on energy absorption and conversion to accelerate conductive and convective ventilation of these pavements during wet conditions, as a means of ensuring the skid resistance and safety of such pavements are not compromised. Applying numerical methods with the aid of commercial software code MATLAB®, the classical physics of fluid-surface interaction was used to model accelerated drainage of microflood off paved surfaces through methodical modification of the thickness of the boundary layer associated with the flow regime over the flat road surface. Results indicate significant influences of energy exchange, thermal, and viscous diffusivity on flow acceleration. Alterations in parameters such as the slip factor, thermally induced Brownian motion or phoretic characteristics of the fluid particles at the boundary induce accelerated flow at the surface of the pavement. The findings contribute to the advancement of smart infrastructure by offering practical insights into the potential benefits of integrating energy-harvesting technologies into road pavement systems. By optimizing flow acceleration mechanisms, smart pavements can play a crucial role in improving road safety and sustainability in urban environments. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2024-06-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/143 10.54327/set2024/v4.i2.143 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024); 1-13 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2024/v4.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/143/68 Copyright (c) 2024 Festus Fameso, Julius Ndambuki, Williams Kupolati, Jacques Snyman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/144 2025-04-05T10:45:32Z SET:ART driver

An Ultra High Frequency Radio Frequency Identification Compatible Circular Polarized Microstrip Antenna Array Hossain, Md Yousuf Nath, Narayan Chandra Faruq, Omar Hua, Changzhou Microstrip Antenna Array RFID Technology UHF Antenna Design Antenna Polarization This study focuses on the development, simulation, and practical validation of a metal-only microstrip patch antenna and its array designed to increase gain. The antenna is specifically designed to meet the growing demand for reliable and efficient RFID systems in various fields, such as asset tracking, inventory management, and smart logistics. Our design utilizes a truncated patch with an air substrate to achieve high gain and circular polarization. The antenna's dimensions measure 468 × 188 × 31 mm³ and deliver impressive performance metrics, boasting a return loss |S11| of -18.21 dB and an estimated gain exceeding 10.6 dBi. These figures compare favorably with the simulated results, which indicate an |S11| of -20.8 dB and a total gain of 11.2 dBi. Our microstrip antenna array demonstrated consistent Circular Polarization quality throughout the radiation angle, with an Axial Ratio of less than 3 dB. This antenna has emerged as a compelling solution for UHF-band RFID technology to meet the demands of various real-world applications. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2024-05-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/144 10.54327/set2024/v4.i2.144 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024); 39-52 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2024/v4.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/144/66 Copyright (c) 2024 Md Yousuf Hossain, Narayan Chandra Nath, OMAR FARUQ, Changzhou Hua https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/149 2025-04-05T10:45:32Z SET:ART driver

AI-Driven IoT Healthcare System for Real-Time ECG Analysis and Comprehensive Patient Monitoring SEDDIKI, Mahdi BOUHEDDA, Mounir TOBBAL, Abdelhafid REBOUH, Samia ANIBA, Yehya Deep learning ECG Healthcare IoT Real-Time Monitoring This study explores the integration of deep learning and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to enhance healthcare delivery, with a primary focus on improving electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis and real-time patient monitoring systems. The research presents the development of two innovative deep learning models based on the MIT-BIH dataset, enabling highly accurate ECG analysis. One model is trained for precise R-R peak detection, while the other performs effective classification of ECG signals into five distinct disease categories. The study also introduces an integrated healthcare system that seamlessly captures patients' real-time physiological data, including ECG, SpO2, and temperature, using an ESP32 microcontroller and Raspberry Pi. An IoT infrastructure with Node-RED IBM Platform and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) securely transmits the ECG data to the advanced analysis algorithms. The user interface displays patients' vital signs, including heart rate, oxygen saturation, and temperature, providing healthcare professionals with comprehensive real-time insights. By integrating the deep learning models, which achieve approximately 99% accuracy, alongside robust sensor technology and an IoT architecture, this system aims to transform healthcare by enabling highly precise ECG analysis and remote patient monitoring. The findings of this study underscore the potential of the synergistic convergence of deep learning, sensor technology, and IoT to advance healthcare delivery and improve patient outcomes. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2024-08-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/149 10.54327/set2024/v4.i2.149 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024); 61-81 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2024/v4.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/149/69 Copyright (c) 2024 Mahdi SEDDIKI, Mounir BOUHEDDA, Abdelhafid TOBBAL, Samia REBOUH, Yehya ANIBA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/150 2025-06-20T14:41:56Z SET:REV driver

Complementary Machining – Machining Strategy for Surface Modification: A Review Mathonsi, Thabo Frans Laubscher, Rudolph surface engineering surface integrity complementary machining surface treatment cutting-edge geometry All fabrication techniques utilized to manufacture metallic parts modify the surface integrity of the part. Complementary machining is a relatively recent machining strategy characterized by combining metal cutting and mechanical surface treatment. Typically, it implies that after conventional machining, the cutting insert is used reversely to modify the surface by local plastic deformation. To improve product performance, mechanical surface treatment is an additional phase in the manufacturing process chain that usually results in longer production times and higher costs. As a result, a variety of hybrid techniques have been created, such as complementary machining, which has the benefit of using conventional machine tools and their associated cutting tools. The study on complementary machining is reviewed in the article. The main focus is to assess the viability of complementary machining to modify surface integrity for enhanced properties by specifically establishing its effect on tool wear, surface roughness, microhardness, fatigue, microstructure, and residual stress state. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2024-11-05 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/150 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1.150 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025); 248-273 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/150/76 Copyright (c) 2024 Thabo Mathonsi, Rudolph Frans Laubscher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/153 2025-04-30T12:08:21Z SET:ART driver

Odour, Colour and Turbidity Removal from Selected Industrial Wastewater Using Electrocoagulation Process Akinlabi, Peter Abiodun Adepoju, Titilayo Elestina Achi, Chibueze Godwin Coker, Akinwale Oladotun Electrocoagulation Textile Wastewater Cassava Wastewater Removal Efficiency Wastewater Treatment Electrocoagulation (EC) is an efficient electrochemical method for treating water using electric charges to destabilize and coagulate pollutants. In this study, a bipolar electrocoagulation reactor with aluminum electrodes was used to treat selected industrial wastewater. Key parameters, including odor, turbidity, Color, and other physicochemical parameters, were analyzed to evaluate the performance of the reactor. Focusing on textile wastewater and two types of cassava wastewater, fufu and starch, this study assessed Odor and turbidity removal using aluminum electrodes. Textile wastewater was used to examine Color removal. The operational parameters—voltage (10V–40V), temperature (30°C–38°C), and operating time (15 minutes to 1 hour)—were systematically varied to optimize the performance. The reactor significantly improved turbidity and color removal, with moderate odor reduction.  This study highlights the strong capability of the EC process in reducing turbidity using aluminum electrodes, despite challenges in Odor reduction. The electrocoagulation process effectively removed color, BOD, COD, TSS, and TDS from the wastewater. Voltage adjustments and electrolysis time are critical in optimizing pollutant removal and aligning with regulatory standards for industrial wastewater discharge. Despite its overall effectiveness, the challenges of achieving complete odor and BOD removal highlight areas for further research. This study highlights the potential of EC as a sustainable solution for industrial wastewater treatment. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2025-01-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf image/png https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/153 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1.153 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025); 77-97 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/153/84 https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/153/85 Copyright (c) 2025 Engr Dr Chibueze Achi, Engr Peter Akinlabi, Titilayo Adepoju, Prof Akinwale Coker https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/154 2025-04-05T10:45:32Z SET:ART driver

Recycling of Brick and Road Demolition Waste in the Production of Concrete Belebchouche, Cherif Temami, Oussama Khouadjia, Mohamed Lyes Kamel Hamlaoui, Salim Berkouche, Amirouche Chouadra, Tarek waste recycling brick road demolition fresh and hardened states of concrete Construction and public works sites generate a significant amount of waste that is often costly to dispose of. To reduce the environmental impact and promote sustainability, recycling and recovering this waste is increasingly being recognized as a viable solution. This paper presents the findings of an experimental program investigating the feasibility of using brick and road demolition waste as concrete components. By substituting a portion of sand and cement with recycled materials, this study compares the properties of the reference concrete with concrete containing varying amounts of brick waste and road demolition debris. The obtained results demonstrate that the produced concrete with up to 40 % recycled content achieved a compressive strength exceeding 20 MPa after 28 days. This study suggests that recycled brick and road demolition waste could be a sustainable and economical substitute for conventional aggregates. Incorporating these materials into concrete reduces the cement content while maintaining or even improving the fresh and hardened properties of the concrete. However, it is crucial to limit the use of road demolition sand to 10 %, crushed brick fines to 20%, and brick sand (CBS) to 30% to ensure optimal performance. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2024-09-25 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/154 10.54327/set2024/v4.i2.154 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024); 14-23 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2024/v4.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/154/72 Copyright (c) 2024 Cherif Belebchouche, Oussama Temami , Mohamed Lyes Kamel KHOUADJIA; Salim Hamlaoui , Amirouche Berkouche , Tarek Chouadra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/155 2025-04-05T10:45:32Z SET:ART driver

Motor Bearing Failure Identification Using Multiple Long Short-Term Memory Training Strategies Atmani, Youcef Mesloub, Ammar Rechak, Said Maintenance Bearing Fault Deep Learning Diagnosis LSTM In the context of condition-based maintenance of rotating machines in manufacturing systems, the early diagnosis of possible faults related to rolling elements of the bearing is mainly based on techniques from artificial intelligence, namely, Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL). Approaches based on using Deep Learning methods have been the most coveted in recent years. Among a variety of models, the type of architecture known as Long-Short-Term Memory (LSTM) of Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) has both the ability to capture long-term dependencies and to adapt to sequential data modeling. It is therefore able to work on data without any preprocessing. This paper studies using four types of LSTM networks to diagnose bearing faults in a classification approach. It aims to intervene on both the input parameters and the network architecture, to achieve high performance. The proposed method is carried out in two different ways. In the first case, the data inputs are raw frames of vibration signals. However, in the second case, the network inputs are pre-computed time-frequency features. The results clearly showed that LSTMs are more accurate with the latter. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2024-10-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/155 10.54327/set2024/v4.i2.155 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024); 24-38 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2024/v4.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/155/75 Copyright (c) 2024 Youcef ATMANI, Ammar Mesloub, Said Rechak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/157 2025-06-20T14:46:47Z SET:REV driver

A Review on the Implementation and Effectiveness of Lean Manufacturing Strategies for Industrial and Service Sectors Gupta, Kapil Sarmah, Pallab Gqibani, Samuel Loyiso Artificial Intelligence DMAIC Kanban Lean Manufacturing Six Sigma Sustainability Waste 5S Ensuring a neat, clean, organized, safe, and productive workplace is essential for every organization. Waste and abnormalities may lead to a high loss of productivity and, consequently, capital, along with a significant compromise to the health and safety of the stakeholders. To overcome such challenges, Lean manufacturing is implemented worldwide. The main aim of this technique is to reduce or eliminate certain types of waste (such as those related to motion, transportation, overproduction, waiting time, etc.) that may contribute to financial loss for the companies. The Lean technique is hybridized with other industrial engineering methods such as DMAIC, Six Sigma, Kanban, etc., depending on the situation. This paper reviews some of the vital work in the last five years on implementing Lean manufacturing for various industrial, commercial, and service setups. It first introduces Lean manufacturing, discusses its implementation procedure and tools and techniques, and presents an analysis of previous attempts made by researchers and engineers using Lean to minimize waste, maximize productivity and efficiency, and enhance quality. The article ends with concluding remarks and highlighting the directions for future research. The novelty of this article lies in the fact that along with a basic introduction and review of the last five years’ literature, it also sheds light on current trends; recent developments; Lean integration with Six-Sigma, Kanban, Kaizen; automation and digital technology interventions to increase the effectiveness of Lean manufacturing; contribution of Lean in sustainable development. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2024-11-15 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/157 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1.157 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025); 274-285 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/157/77 Copyright (c) 2024 Prof. Kapil Gupta, Dr. Pallab Sarmah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/160 2025-04-05T10:45:32Z SET:ART driver

Radial Kernels Collocation Method for the Solution of Volterra Integro-Differential Equations Nengem, Stephen Mkegh Haruna, Friday Bitrus, Shalom Danjuma Radial Kernel Volterra Integro-Differential Equations Generalized Multi-quadrics Linear Laguerre Gaussians Collocation Method System Matrix Radial kernel interpolation is an advanced method in approximation theory for the construction of higher order accurate interpolants for scattered data up to higher dimensional spaces. In this manuscript, we formulate a radial kernel collocation approach for solving problems involving the Volterra integro-differential equations using two radial kernels: The Generalized Multi-quadrics and the linear Laguerre-Gaussians. This was achieved by simplifying the Volterra integral problem's solution to an algebraic system of equations. The impact of the shape parameter present in every kernel on the method's accuracy is examined and found to be significant. Two examples were used to illustrate the process; the numerical results are shown as tables and graphs. MATLAB 2018a was employed in the process. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2024-10-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/160 10.54327/set2024/v4.i2.160 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024); 115-122 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2024/v4.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/160/74 Copyright (c) 2024 Stephen Mkegh Nengem, Friday Haruna, Shalom Danjuma Bitrus https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/161 2025-06-20T14:51:55Z SET:CES driver

Assessment of Refuse Dumpsite Impact on Groundwater Quality: A Case Study from Awotan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria Lawal, Ibrahim Adetayo Achi, Chibueze Godwin Coker, Akinwale Oladotun Leachates Landfill Water Pollution Waste Management Water Quality Assessment Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Groundwater, an essential freshwater resource, is critical to life and supports various industries. Unrestrained urban expansion and inefficient waste management practices endanger groundwater quality. This research examines the groundwater quality and impacts of the Refuse Waste Dumpsite located at Awotan, Ibadan. Additionally, this study provides a framework for assessing dumpsite impacts on groundwater, which can be applied to similar urban contexts worldwide, contributing to global efforts to ensure safe water quality. Samples of residential Well water near the dumpsite were collected to determine their physical, chemical, and bacteriological characteristics. The physical and chemical parameters investigated include Temperature, pH, Electrical conductivity, Nitrate, and Chloride, which were determined using the standard analytical methods. In contrast, bacteriological parameters such as Total Coliform and E.Coli Count were determined. Trace metals such as Pb and Fe were also determined to ascertain the relationship between pollutant levels and distances from the dumpsite and to evaluate compliance with WHO and NSDWQ water quality standards. Regression analysis revealed a strong correlation (R = 0.999, R² = 0.998) between dumpsite distance and chemical water quality, but the results were not statistically significant (p = 0.066). Chemical parameters like alkalinity (p = 0.484) and nitrate (p = 0.338) showed no significant impact from distance. For bacteriological quality, the model was statistically significant (p = 0.009) with an R² of 0.994. Total coliform (p = 0.055) was nearly significant, indicating potential distance-related bacterial contamination.  The findings underscore the pressing need for sustainable waste management to safeguard groundwater resources. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2024-12-14 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/161 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1.161 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025); 286-303 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/161/79 Copyright (c) 2024 Ibrahim Adetayo Lawal, Chibueze Godwin Achi, Akinwale Oladotun Coker https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/163 2025-04-05T10:45:32Z SET:ART driver

Characteristics and Efficiency of Heat Transfer for Natural Convection by Ag-CuO/H2O Hybrid Nanofluid Inside a Square Cavity with Corrugated Walls Razik, Benderradji Meryem , Brahimi Hamza, Gouidmi Wavy Wall Enclosure Natural Convection Hybrid nanofluid Heat transfer Rayleigh number A parametric numerical study is conducted on laminar natural convection and heat transfer in a cavity with opposing undulated walls saturated with a hybrid Ag-CuO/water nanofluid. The two vertical walls of the sinusoidally undulated cavity are maintained at hot and cold temperatures, while the upper and lower walls are thermally insulated. The investigation examines the effects of relevant parameters such as the sinusoidally undulated geometry of the walls for different volumetric fractions of nanoparticles (0% ≤φ≤6%) and Rayleigh numbers (103 ≤ Ra ≤ 106) Thefinite-volumee discretization method is employed to solve the system of governing equations. The results indicate that an increase in the volumetric fraction of nanoparticles enhances the heat exchange rate in the cavity. Additionally, the Rayleigh number, with a significant increase in surface area, strongly influences the dominant heat transfer mode in the cavity. Furthermore, an increase in the number of wall undulations leads to a reduction in the heat transfer rate. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2024-10-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/163 10.54327/set2024/v4.i2.163 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024); 101-114 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2024/v4.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/163/73 Copyright (c) 2024 Benderradji Razik, Meryem Brahimi , Gouidmi Hamza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/165 2025-04-05T10:45:32Z SET:ART driver

Optimized Dehydrogenation of Magnesium Hydride with Fe and Cu Additives Gbenebor, Oluwashina Popoola, Abimbola Patricia Hydrogen storage Hydrogenation Dehydrogenation MgH2/Cu MgH2/Fe Solid state hydrogen storage with the use of MgH2 has gained widespread attention because of its good reversible storage capacity. This metal hydride however slowly releases hydrogen at high temperatures ranging between 325 – 375 oC. An important feature required of MgH2 is its ability to commence hydrogen release at a fast rate and reduced temperature. Transition metal-containing alloys/compounds having either Fe or Cu as the principal element have been used to improve the dissociation of hydrogen from MgH2.  Studies involving the use of each metal in its elemental form as an additive are minimal. This study investigated the catalytic effects of elemental Fe and Cu on the hydrogen release performance of MgH2 for potential applications in transportation and power generation. It was observed that MgH2/Fe had a better dehydrogenation performance; the temperature of onset of MgH2/Fe and MgH2/Cu dehydrogenation were 205, and 215 oC which were 98 and 88 oC lower than that for as-received MgH2.  The highest amount, 1.9 wt. % H2 was released by MgH2/Fe while 1.44 wt. % H2 was released by MgH2/Cu. The activation energy for dehydrogenation was reduced from 150.5 kJ/mol for as-received MgH2 to 89.8 and 79.8 kJ/mol in MgH2/Cu and MgH2/Fe respectively. It took 18.8 min for as-received MgH2 to commence dehydrogenation while that for MgH2/Fe and MgH2/Cu composites started from 12.2 and 13.4 min respectively. The in-situ formed Fe and Cu in MgH2 after milling acted as active catalytic sites for its improved dehydrogenation with MgH2/Fe behaving better. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2024-09-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/165 10.54327/set2024/v4.i2.165 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024); 92-100 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2024/v4.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/165/71 Copyright (c) 2024 Oluwashina Gbenebor, Abimbola Patricia Popoola https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/167 2025-04-30T07:21:23Z SET:ART driver

Malware Detection Using a Random Forest Method Trained on a Balanced Synthetic Dataset Matsobane, Neo Onica Mokwena, Sello malware detection accuracy random forest flow-based model balanced dataset synthetic dataset The accuracy of malware detection is closely related to the available datasets, which are often small and imbalanced. To overcome these challenges, this study proposed a new method that creates synthetic malware data and increases the size and balance by generating several data sets with a flow-based model. Subsequently, a random forest classifier is fitted on this augmented dataset. This study aimed to analyze the generation of synthetic data based on flow-based models and the impact of synthetic data generation on the performance of a random forest for malware detection. A flow-based model was used to generate a balanced synthetic dataset based on the CICMalDroid2020 dataset. The generated data was used for feature selection and engineering to optimize the Random Forest model. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The flow-based model generated an additional 13,402 samples, massively increasing the dataset size, even though the original dataset had only 11,598 data entries. After training on the synthetic augmented dataset, the Random Forest model achieved better performance compared to the original dataset evaluation with metrics precision (93%), recall (100%), balanced precision (96%), and the F1 score (91%). The results show that flow-based model-generated synthetic data can significantly enhance malware detection capabilities. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2025-03-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/167 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1.167 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025); 203-212 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/167/98 Copyright (c) 2025 Neo Onica Matsobane, Sello Mokwena https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/173 2025-04-30T07:21:23Z SET:ART driver

Direct Torque Control of Dual Three Phase Induction Motor fed by Direct Power Control Rectifier using Fuzzy Logic Speed Controller Sadouni, Radhwane Sahnoun, M’hamed Zababe, Ilyes Reghioui, Hassen DTPIM DTC DPC Rectifier Fuzzy Logic This paper presents an advanced Direct Torque Control (DTC) approach for a Dual Three-Phase Induction Motor (DTPIM) powered by a Direct Power Control (DPC) rectifier. Traditional control methods, such as Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers, often face performance issues when motor system parameters vary or exhibit non-linearity. To tackle these challenges, we propose a fuzzy logic-based speed controller for DTC, which enhances adaptability to system dynamics without necessitating a precise mathematical model. The fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is particularly effective in regulating speed under varying load conditions, improving robustness, and minimizing torque ripple. Furthermore, the DPC rectifier enhances power quality by reducing harmonic distortions, maintaining a stable DC link voltage, and improving the power factor. Simulation results obtained using MATLAB/Simulink software demonstrate that the combined DTC-DPC approach with fuzzy logic control delivers a superior dynamic response with minimal overshoot. This framework offers a promising solution for high-performance industrial applications that require precise torque control and stability under fluctuating loads while also supporting sustainable energy practices through improved power efficiency. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2025-01-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/173 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1.173 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025); 154-162 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/173/88 Copyright (c) 2025 Radhwane Sadouni, M’hamed Sahnoun, Ilyes Zababe, Hassen Reghioui https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/179 2025-04-30T07:21:23Z SET:ART driver

Performances improvement of DC Motor using a Fractional Order Adaptive PID Controller optimized by Genetic Algorithm Boukhalfa, Abdelouaheb Bensafia, Yassine Khettab, Khatir Integer Adaptive PID Genetic Algorithm DC motor Fractional Adaptive PID controllers Optimization Methods In the past 20 years, scientists and engineers have rediscovered fractional calculus and have begun using it in more and more domains, most notably control theory. This study introduces a fractional adaptive PID (FAPID) controller which incorporates an additional parameter to enhance the performance of a conventional adaptive PID (APID) controller. A comparative analysis is conducted between the APID and FAPID controllers optimized using the metaheuristic Genetic Algorithm (GA). The evaluation uses a linearized model of the DC motor control system. The results demonstrate that FAPID controllers significantly outperform conventional APID controllers, particularly regarding rise time, settling time, overshoot, and mean absolute error. Among the proposed designs, the integration of FAPID proves to be the most effective in achieving a balance between responsiveness and stability, exhibiting exceptional robustness and adaptability to variations in DC motor and environmental conditions. This method can be extended to various fractional and integer systems to enhance their efficiency and reduce noise disturbance. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2025-01-08 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/179 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1.179 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025); 98-105 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/179/83 Copyright (c) 2025 Abdelouaheb Boukhalfa , Yassine Bensafia , Khatir Khettab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/182 2025-04-30T07:21:23Z SET:ART driver

A Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithms for Predicting Alzheimer’s Disease Using Neuropsychological Data Mokadem, Zakaria Djerioui, Mohamed Attallah, Bilal Brik, Youcef Alzheimer’s disease Dementia Machine learning Classification Neuropsychological assessment Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a gradient degeneration of essential cognitive activities such as memory, thinking, and cognition. AD mainly affects elderly individuals and is recognized as the most common cause of dementia. This study investigates the predictive performance of nine supervised machine learning algorithms—Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, Random Forest, K-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machine, Gaussian Naïve Bayes, Multi-Layer Perceptron, eXtreme Gradient Boost, and Gradient Boosting—using neuropsychological assessment data. We applied two classification techniques—binary and multiclass—to classify 1761 subjects into three categories: cognitively normal (CN), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Binary classification tasks focused on CNvsAD and CNvsMCI subsets, while multiclass classification used the full dataset (TriClass). Hyperparameter tuning was performed to optimize model performance. The results indicate that ensemble learning models, particularly Gradient Boosting (GB) and Random Forest (RF), exhibited superior accuracy compared to other algorithms. Most models for the CNvsAD subset achieved the highest accuracy (97.74%), while GB achieved the best performance (94.98%) for the CNvsMCI subset. For multiclass classification, RF achieved the highest accuracy at 84.70%. These findings highlight the robustness and efficiency of ensemble learning algorithms, especially in handling complex, non-linear data structures. This study underscores the potential of RF and GB as reliable tools for early detection and classification of Alzheimer’s disease using neuropsychological data. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2024-12-23 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/182 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1.182 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025); 177-191 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/182/80 Copyright (c) 2024 Zakaria Mokadem, Mohamed Djerioui, Bilal Attallah, Youcef Brik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/188 2025-04-30T07:21:23Z SET:ART driver

Reducing the Delay Time and Tracking Trajectory of the Robot SCARA Using the Fractional PID Controller Bensafia, Yassine Idir, Abdelhakim Khettab, Khatir Fractional Control (FC) Approximation Methods Selective Compliance Articulated Robot Arm (SCARA) Performance Analysis In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the study of fractional systems and fractional-order control (FOC), which has proven effective in enhancing plant dynamics, particularly in terms of disturbance rejection and response time improvement. Traditionally, the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller has been valued for its simplicity and ease of parameter adjustment. However, as the complexity of control systems escalates, several specialised PID controllers have been designed to address specific challenges. Despite its effectiveness, the conventional PID controller often faces limitations in complex systems requiring high precision and adaptive dynamics. Researchers have increasingly focused on the Fractional Proportional-Integral-Derivative (FPID) controller to address these deficiencies. The FPID controller incorporates fractional integrators and derivatives, facilitating improved tuning of system dynamics and offering increased control over response characteristics. This study introduces a fractional integrator in PID control to improve trajectory tracking and reduce delay time in Selective Compliance Articulated Robot Arm (SCARA) systems. Unlike traditional PID controllers, which may struggle with high-frequency noise and parameter variations, the fractional integrator offers enhanced noise suppression and adaptability. The fractional PID approach is relevant beyond robotics, including many systems like temperature control, electrical motor regulation, power electronics, and biomedical control systems, where accuracy and resilience to disturbances are essential. Unlike traditional PID, the proposed technique offers more adaptability in handling transient responses and greater disturbance suppression, making it a viable solution for modern, complex control environments. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2024-11-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/188 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1.188 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025); 116-125 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/188/78 Copyright (c) 2024 Yassine Bensafia, Abdelhakim Idir, Khatir Khettab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/189 2025-04-30T07:21:23Z SET:ART driver

Identification of Plasma Proteins Associated with Alzheimer's Disease Using Feature Selection Techniques and Machine Learning Algorithms Mokadem, Zakaria Djerioui, Mohamed Attallah, Bilal Brik, Youcef Alzheimer’s disease ANOVA blood biomarker Feature selection Machine learning Plasma proteins Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that typically affects elderly individuals. Detecting Alzheimer’s using plasma proteins is a critical step toward improving treatment results for this disease. This study aims to use computational algorithms to explore the relationship between plasma proteins and AD progression by identifying a panel of plasma proteins that can serve as biomarkers for tracking and diagnosing AD. We applied two feature selection methods, Sequential Backward Feature Selection (SBFS) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to extract significant proteins from a dataset of 146  proteins. The data was collected from the plasma of 566 individuals, comprising both Alzheimer’s patients and healthy controls. The SBFS technique generated all possible combinations of protein groups from the 146 proteins, which were then trained and tested using five machine learning models: Decision Tree, Random Forest, Extremely Randomized Trees, Extreme Gradient Boosting, and Adaptive Boosting. Subsequently, ANOVA was applied to refine and reduce the selected panel size. Finally, we used XGBoost and AdaBoost models to validate the final panel. The findings introduce a plasma protein panel consisting of A2Macro, BNP, BTC, PPP, and PYY proteins for diagnosing AD. This panel achieved a sensitivity of 88.88%, a specificity of 66.66%, and an AUC of 0.85. These results demonstrate that plasma protein biomarkers can facilitate timely interventions, potentially slowing disease progression and improving patient outcomes. This non-invasive and affordable diagnostic method has the potential to make Alzheimer’s screening accessible to a broader population. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2025-02-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/189 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1.189 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025); 192-202 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/189/89 https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/189/90 Copyright (c) 2025 Zakaria Mokadem, Mohamed Djerioui, Bilal Attallah, Youcef Brik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/205 2025-04-30T07:21:23Z SET:ART driver

Uncertainty Quantification and Sensitivity Analysis of Concrete Structure Using Multi-Linear Regression Technique Hebbouche, Abdelhamid Bennoud, Salim Zeroual , Ayoub Damage Assessment Multi-Linear Regression Technique Probabilistic model Sensitivity Analysis Concrete structure The dynamic analysis of structures with uncertain parameters presents an attractive field of structural health monitoring in many cases of technological interest. In the dynamic analysis of hydraulic structures, such as existing dams, modeling assumptions, resulting inaccuracies, and changes in seismic loading are typically the main sources of uncertainties. Many hydraulic structures of concrete can be subjected to seismic loads. However, it is necessary to take haphazard or random phenomena as crucial considerations when assessing the security of these structures or planning new ones. This paper shows computational analysis for the characterization of the behavior of a concrete gravity dam under seismic loads, which are considered sources of uncertainties. The multi-linear regression methodology was performed and applied to evaluate the dynamic response of the considered structure. Numerous nonlinear time history analyses based on Latin Hypercube Sampling were realized to investigate the effect of uncertain parameters on the dynamic response. These analyses were applied to two types of seismic actions, the near and far earthquakes, which act on a concrete gravity dam. Then, a sensitivity analysis was used for each random variable to quantify its risk and clarify its influence on the dynamic behavior of the dam. Results divulge that for near-fault cases, major variables affecting the global sensitivity across all limit states are the Young’s modulus of soil and concrete. On the other hand, for far-fault cases, the important variables influencing the global sensitivity index include the compressive strength of concrete, Young’s modulus of soil, and cohesion. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2025-01-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/205 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1.205 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025); 15-28 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/205/82 Copyright (c) 2025 Abdelhamid Hebbouche, Salim Bennoud, Ayoub Zeroual https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/206 2025-04-30T07:21:23Z SET:ART driver

Towards Sustainability: Tracking Carbon Footprint Trends at Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife Madiope, Kgaphudi Wendy Adedeji, Jacob Adedayo Rahlao, Sebataolo Climate change sustainability GHG protocol emission sources Paris agreements Carbon footprint assessment is important to combat global warming and promote sustainability. Globally, organizations committed to biodiversity conservation are essential for maintaining ecosystems and the people who inhabit them. Nonetheless, these organizations produce a carbon footprint due to their operating operations. Hence, this study aimed to assess the specific carbon footprint of the Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife (EKZNW) to improve its understanding of its environmental implications and encourage sustainable behaviors within its particular missions. Using the greenhouse gas protocol corporate accounting and reporting standard as a guide, the study methodology examines greenhouse gas emissions from direct (Scope 1) and indirect (Scopes 2 and 3) sources related to Ezemvelo wildlife activities over five years (2014/2015--2018/2019). The results show that 34,016.62 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) are emitted on average each year. The majority of these emissions are caused by Scope 2 electricity consumption, which accounts for 23,475.82 tCO2e, and Scope 1 emissions, which account for 7,826.20 tCO2e. Furthermore, there was a noticeable difference in emissions between the reserves, with the Imfolozi Game Reserve having the highest emissions. The findings of this study direct EKZNW toward ecologically conscious behaviors by acting as a catalyst for educated decision-making. The insight gained paves the way for proactive steps to lower carbon emissions, coordinating conservation efforts with more general goals of sustainability and climate resilience. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2025-01-15 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/206 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1.206 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025); 29-44 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/206/86 Copyright (c) 2025 Kgaphudi Wendy Madiope, Jacob Adedayo Adedeji, Sebataolo Rahlao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/208 2025-04-30T07:21:23Z SET:ART driver

Optimal Placement and Sizing of Renewable Distributed Generators for Power Loss Reduction in Microgrid using Swarm Intelligence and Bio-inspired Algorithms MEZHOUD, Nabil Bahri, Ahmed Ayachi, Bilel Boukhenoufa, Farouk Bouras, Lakhdar bat algorithm distributed generators micro-grids optimal placement and sizing particle swarm optimization renewable energy sources To responsibly fulfill the world's expanding electrical energy needs, renewable energy sources are now essential. Future energy policies must include these sources—like solar and wind energy—because they lower carbon emissions and save the environment. The optimal location and sizing of renewable distributed generators (OLSRDG) in the microgrid are determined in this study by applying one of the universal bio-inspired techniques and one of the swarms’ algorithms. With lower power losses, an improved voltage profile, increased dependability, and stability, the goal is to improve energy efficiency and lessen reliance on the main grid while also enhancing the grid's overall performance and stability. The acquired results are promising and show the efficacy and resilience of the suggested technique in solving OLSRDG problems compared to recently published results. The results showed that the optimization process led to loss reduction, with the percentage of power loss reduction ranging from 45.387% to 73.89% using the PSO. While the percentage of loss reduction using the BAT ranged from 51.78% to 71.57%. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2025-03-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/208 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1.208 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025); 163-176 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/208/96 Copyright (c) 2025 Nabil MEZHOUD, Ahmed Bahri, Bilel Ayachi, Farouk Boukhenoufa, Lakhdar Bouras https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/209 2025-04-30T07:21:23Z SET:ART driver

Thermo-Mechanical Assessment of Bio-based Insulating Material Using Phase Change Materials and Date Palm Fibers Brahimi, Mahi Eddine Maliki, Mustapha Laredj, Nadia Missoum, Hanifi Sardou, Miloud Phase change materials Brick Thermal conductivity Date palm fiber Compressive strength To mitigate extreme temperature fluctuations in arid southern Algerian cities, developing an internal thermal environment that is either independent of or only marginally influenced by external conditions is a viable solution. In this study, we successfully created a eutectic mixture of animal and plant fatty acids, excluding petroleum sources, consisting of 70% myristic acid (MA) and 30% stearic acid (SA). This phase change material (PCM) was then impregnated into date palm fiber waste (DPF) using a vacuum technique. The melting points of both the eutectic mixture and the impregnated date palm fiber were measured at 35°C and 34.5°C, respectively. Clay bricks, which are widely used in Algerian construction, were prepared with 75% dune sand and 10% lime. Date palm fibers impregnated with PCM were added in varying proportions (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%) to test the mechanical and thermal properties of the bricks. The results showed an improvement in thermal insulation, with a reduction in thermal conductivity by 11% for bricks containing 2% impregnated palm fibers. The compressive strength of these bricks remained within acceptable limits, regardless of whether the PCM was in a solid or liquid state. Numerical simulations showed that adding MA-SA/DPF to clay bricks contributed to a 30% reduction in outward heat flow in winter and a 25% reduction in inward heat flow in summer. This, in turn, resulted in a corresponding decrease in energy consumption. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2025-03-04 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/209 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1.209 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025); 66-76 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/209/92 Copyright (c) 2025 Mahi Eddine Brahimi, Mustapha Maliki, Nadia Laredj, Hanifi Missoum, Miloud Sardou https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/210 2026-02-03T13:50:52Z SET:ART driver

The Advanced Actuarial Data Science Based AI-Driven Solutions for Automated Loss Reserving Under IFRS 17 in Non-Life Insurance Mahohoho, Brighton Chimedza, Charles Matarise, Florance Munyira, Sheunesu Actuarial Data Science Artificial Intelligence Data Analytics Automated Actuarial Loss Reserves Actuaries Machine Learning This study introduces an AI-driven Automated Actuarial Loss Reserving Model (AALRM) designed to meet IFRS 17 standards for non-life insurance. The model leverages advanced machine learning techniques to improve accuracy, efficiency, and adaptability in loss reserves, with a specific focus on inflation-adjusted frequency-severity modeling. A unique aspect of this research is the integration of bancassurance services, enabling automated management for both microfinance and car insurance on a unified platform. This includes a no-claims bonus system that categorizes policyholders into four tiers—base, variable, final, and high-bonus—resulting in more precise risk assessments and enhanced customer retention. Among eight evaluated machine learning algorithms, the Random Forest (RANGER) outperformed others for estimating Aggregate Comprehensive Automated Actuarial Loss Reserves (ACAALR). The model’s effectiveness was validated through stress tests, scenario analyses, and comparisons with traditional methods like the Chain Ladder. Additionally, the study introduces a novel Robust Automated Actuarial Loss Reserve Margin (RAALRM) with adaptive bounds, addressing traditional limitations in reserve margin calculations. This AI-integrated approach significantly improves predictive accuracy, operational efficiency, and strategic decision-making, offering a scalable solution for the insurance industry. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2025-05-05 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/210 10.54327/set2025/v5.i2.210 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025); 75-115 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/210/99 Copyright (c) 2025 Brighton Mahohoho, Charles Chimedza, Florance Matarise, Sheunesu Munyira https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/212 2025-04-30T07:21:23Z SET:ART driver

Effect of Soil Salinity on Thermal Behavior of Sandy Soils Under a Sahara Climate Bennaceur, Djihad Laredj, Nadia Maliki, Mustapha Missoum, Hanifi salinity thermal conductivity unsaturated soil heat transfer salt concentration Soil salinity represents a harmful environmental problem that occurs either naturally or as a consequence of ineffective management practices by humans, especially in arid regions. Assessing ground temperature profile represents an important indicator for evaluating the performance of geothermal systems, used in air conditioning of building. This paper proposes a conceptual and numerical model for predicting the hydrothermal behavior of unsaturated soils. The effect of soil salinity was investigated in this research. Two soil types (sandy and sandy loam) were studied under three salinity levels. Moreover, the arid meteorological conditions of Sahara Desert were considered in the developed model. According to the results, it appears that sandy soils exhibit optimal thermal behavior at a moderate salinity concentration of C = 0.1 M, with increased surface temperatures during warmer periods and better heat conservation in colder conditions. Conversely, sandy loam soils respond most effectively at a higher salinity concentration of C = 0.2 M, particularly excelling in heat retention during the summer months. These results emphasize the intricate interaction between soil composition and salinity in regulating temperature patterns, providing important knowledge for enhancing soil management practices that are customized to particular soil types and environmental factors, with potential implications for geothermal applications. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2025-01-17 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/212 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1.212 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025); 126-136 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/212/87 Copyright (c) 2025 Djihad Bennaceur, Nadia Laredj, Mustapha Maliki, Hanifi Missoum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/216 2026-02-03T13:50:52Z SET:ART driver

GFEA: Leader Election Algorithm for Choosing a GroupDecision Support System Facilitator Mohammedi Taieb, Sabir Laredj, Mohamed Adnane Leader Election Distributed Systems GDSS Facilitator Multi-criteria Group decision support systems (GDSSs) are computer-assisted collaborative work software that facilitates group meetings asynchronously and from different locations. Even so, collaborative work in GDSS demands coordination provided by a single controlling entity known as the GDSS facilitator. However, the problem of electing a GDSS Facilitator hasn’t been treated enough in the literature, and it is often neglected. Despite that, the large number of responsibilities assigned to the facilitator makes his role crucial to the effectiveness of the group meeting. Thus, the authors focused on finding an appropriate approach for electing the facilitator. The similarities between the problematics of electing a GDSS facilitator and a distributed system leader led the authors to consider applying a distributed election algorithm for electing a GDSS facilitator. Nonetheless, current algorithms only consider computer criteria and lack a formal weighting method. Consequently, we proposed a new distributed election algorithm called GFEA (GDSS Facilitator Election Algorithm) that is designed to choose a facilitator within a GDSS. This algorithm selects a facilitator among a set of decision-makers based on multiple election criteria weighted using an objective weighting method called MEREC. A backup leader is reserved to replace the leader if he fails, and a new tie-breaking mechanism is proposed. Moreover, the initiator failure is handled. By adopting distributed system leader election principles, GFEA provides a robust solution for a decisive GDSS challenge. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2025-05-15 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/216 10.54327/set2025/v5.i2.216 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025); 53-74 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/216/101 Copyright (c) 2025 Sabir Mohammedi Taieb, Mohamed Adnane Laredj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/220 2026-02-03T13:50:52Z SET:REV driver

Goldmine Tailings Stabilization using Quarry Dust and Coal Ash for Pavement Applications - A Review Ikotun, Jacob .O Aderinto, Gbenga Emmanuel Katte, Valentine Babafemi, Adewumi John stabilization pavement goldmine tailings quarry dust coal ash geotechnical properties The quest to improve the properties of soil and other construction materials by incorporating industrial and agricultural wastes is a growing concern for the construction industry. Many researchers have recently focused on employing waste materials as stabilizers due to their good pozzolanic interactions with soil particles.  Its significance in civil engineering projects such as foundations in buildings and pavement construction cannot be overemphasized. The construction of pavements usually involves using large quantities of natural earth/aggregate materials, often mixed with conventional stabilizers (cement, lime, and bitumen). There is already a shortage of natural aggregate materials in many developing nations. However, a significant quantity of waste, such as mining tailings, is generated by mining industries yearly. In contrast, the disposal of these wastes is not only expensive but has also resulted in various ecological and environmental problems.  The literature has already explored methods of stabilization and solidification of mining tailings employing conventional agents. However, the use of traditional stabilizers indicates an important source of contamination for the environment. Therefore, alternative stabilizing materials are needed. The approach to this literature review included a systematic procedure for locating, choosing, and evaluating sources. The logic for the sources’ selection prioritized contemporary, peer-reviewed studies that particularly address the geotechnical properties of industrial waste products in road construction. This study reviews the geotechnical properties of industrial waste products, such as goldmine tailings, quarry dust, and coal ash and the technical benefits of using them for pavement construction. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2025-10-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/220 10.54327/set2025/v5.i2.220 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025); 171-192 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/220/108 Copyright (c) 2025 Jacob Olumuyiwa Ikotun, Gbenga Emmanuel Aderinto, Valentine Yato Katte, Adewumi John Babafemi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/221 2025-04-30T07:21:23Z SET:ART driver

Investigation of the Properties of Waste Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Modified Bitumen LAWAL, Ganiyu Abolore DAHUNSI, Bamidele Ibikunolu Olugbemi Bitumen Polymer Modified Bitumen Waste Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Test The "white pollution" caused by the indiscriminate disposal of waste-expanded polystyrene (EPS) packaging foams in Nigeria not only poses a serious environmental threat but also results in significant waste of resources. Again, the poor waste management practices adopted in most of the urban and rural areas in Nigeria also compounded this situation, coupled with the known fact that polymeric materials generally do not decompose (i.e., are non-biodegradable) easily, thereby making them serve as a threat to the surrounding environment. Given resolving this problem, these discarded EPS packaging foams were used in the modification of 60/70 bitumen in this study, as it has been reported that polymer modifiers are known as a possible solution for improving road life in the face of increasing and heavy traffic loading when suitably incorporated into the virgin bitumen. The binder physical tests were carried out on the virgin bitumen and the hot mix waste EPS-modified bitumen samples at modifier contents of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, and 15.0%. The results from the tests showed that the best-improved properties were achieved at 5.0 % EPS modifier content with increased softening point (53°C), flash point (275°C), and decreased penetration (50 dmm), while its computed penetration index (-0.48) value indicated that this blend falls within the category of the most acceptable road bitumen. Waste EPS is a suitable bitumen modifier, which enhanced its performance and could equally solve the problem of “white pollution” in Nigeria. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2025-02-25 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/221 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1.221 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025); 45-54 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/221/91 Copyright (c) 2025 Ganiyu Abolore LAWAL, Professor B. I. O. Dahunsi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/222 2025-04-30T07:21:23Z SET:REV driver

An Overview on Blockchain-based Social Media Wijesekara, Patikiri Arachchige Don Shehan Nilmantha security blockchain social media blockchain-grounded social media social media ethics Social Media (SM) platforms allow users to create and share multimedia content characterized by interaction among the users through profile creation, messaging systems, communities, etc. Blockchains can improve the security and ethical aspects of SM due to their innate security characteristics. We overlook countless blockchain-based SM schemes, where we perceive 9 duties of blockchain-based SM abstraction and dissect them intensively, rooted in SM- and blockchain-linked traits in contrast to existing reviews that do not review in broad scope and lack a critical analysis to show ways to focus on practical implementation. We heaped a preparatory sample of 93 works by sieving the studies for leaching rules and delving into E-repositories by employing a mixed-method systematic review with a narrative synthesis and quality assessment approach. Built upon the scrutiny, in blockchain-based SM, blockchain can assist by providing social media platforms (G1), social DApps (G2), copyright protection (G3), harassment prevention (G4), ensuring privacy and security (G5), fake/vicious news prevention (G6), data/user behavior/event processing and analysis (G7), proper incentivization (G8), and user migration (G9). Critical analysis uncovers that from blockchain-based social media, an overall 40% harness 20% from G6 and G7 each, 82.5% harness conventional blockchain, and 22.5% harness DPoS consensus. Next, we critically analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the reviewed works, focusing on performance and characteristics. Furthermore, we identified lack of empirical validation, under-exploration of ethical concerns and biases in detection models, and non-assessment of decentralization risks as gaps in the study. Eventually, we reveal the opportunities and discomforts of the abstraction of blockchain-based SM, state the study’s limitations, and then bestow solutions to resist them with future directions emphasizing practical implications. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2025-03-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/222 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1.222 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025); 213-247 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/222/97 Copyright (c) 2025 Patikiri Arachchige Don Shehan Nilmantha Wijesekara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/223 2026-02-03T13:50:52Z SET:REV driver

A Survey on Blockchain-driven Music Industry: Trends, Gaps, and Future Directions Wijesekara, Patikiri Arachchige Don Shehan Nilmantha Music industry Blockchain Piracy Monetization Music copyright The music industry is a vast field that has different stakeholders, such as artists, publishers, promoters, etc., for the creation, distribution, promotion, and monetization of music. Blockchains can help the music industry maintain the legal and ethical aspects of music creation, distribution, and incentivization while also preventing frauds owing to their intrinsic security attributes. We oversee various blockchain-driven music industry systems, where we comprehend 11 functions of blockchain-driven music industry perception and inspect them comprehensively towards music industry- and blockchain-linked attributions. We lumped a precursory sample of 89 resources by selecting the reports for filtering benchmarks looked up from E-libraries by applying a descriptive and persistent narrative synthesis-driven quality analysis methodology to identify trends, gaps, strengths, and weaknesses. Founded on the overview, in the blockchain-driven music industry, blockchain can pave the path for blockchain-based musical platforms (D1), decentralized music apps (D2), author attribution, monetization, and royalty payments (D3), preventing ticketing frauds (D4), music recommendation (D5), piracy prevention (D6), digital rights management systems (D7), music supply chain automation (D8), metadata optimization and tracking (D9), disintermediation (D10), and licensing (D11). Comprehensive inspection exposes that in the blockchain-driven music industry, 28.2% draw upon digital rights management (D7), 79.4% draw upon traditional blockchain, and 12.9% draw upon PoS/PoW consensus, drawing the hypothesis that there exists a trend toward reducing third-party reliance and improving revenue transparency and rights for artists. Another hypothesis is that there are gaps such as lack of practical implementation, lack of experimental validation under quantum attacks, and lack of focus for music ticketing fraud prevention, music recommendation, music supply chain automation, and metadata optimization and tracking. At last, we announce the capabilities and adversities to the perception of the blockchain-driven music industry and then contribute propositions to impede them along with future directions to cater to the gaps identified. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2025-05-05 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/223 10.54327/set2025/v5.i2.223 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025); 116-148 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/223/100 Copyright (c) 2025 Patikiri Arachchige Don Shehan Nilmantha Wijesekara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/224 2025-04-30T07:21:23Z SET:ART driver

Fine-tuning AraGPT2 for Hierarchical Arabic Text Classification BOUCHIHA, Djelloul BOUZIANE, Abdelghani DOUMI, Noureddine HAMZAOUI, Benamar Arabic Text Classification Hierarchical Classification AraGPT2 GPT-2 Fine-tuning Generative Pre-trained Transformer Large Language Model Text classification consists in attributing a text to its corresponding category. It is a crucial task in natural language processing (NLP), with applications spanning content recommendation, spam detection, sentiment analysis, and topic categorization. While significant advancements have been made in text classification for widely spoken languages, Arabic remains underrepresented despite its large and diverse speaker base. Another challenge is that, unlike flat classification, hierarchical text classification involves categorizing texts into a multi-level taxonomy. This adds layers of complexity, particularly in distinguishing between closely related categories within the same super-class. To tackle these challenges, we propose a novel approach using AraGPT2, a variant of the Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 (GPT-2) model adapted specifically for Arabic. Fine-tuning AraGPT2 for hierarchical text classification leverages the model's pre-existing linguistic knowledge and adapts it to recognize and classify Arabic text according to hierarchical structures. Fine-tuning, in this context, refers to the process of training a pre-trained model on a specific task or dataset to improve its performance on that task. Our experiments and comparative study demonstrate the efficiency of our solution. The fine-tuned AraGPT2 classifier achieves a hierarchical HF score of 80.64%, outperforming the machine learning-based classifier, which scores 41.90%. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2025-03-17 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/224 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1.224 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025); 55-65 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/224/94 Copyright (c) 2025 Djelloul BOUCHIHA, Abdelghani BOUZIANE, Noureddine DOUMI, Benamar HAMZAOUI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/237 2025-04-30T07:21:23Z SET:ART driver

Diagnosis of Multiple Open-circuit and Short-circuit Faults in Three-phase Multicellular Inverter Based on Sliding Mode Observer Khater, Fatma Aibeche, Abderrezak Fellag, Sid Ali Doghmane, Mohamed Zinelabidine Akroum, Hamza Three-phases multicellular inverter faults diagnosis open-circuit fault short-circuit fault sliding mode observer The reliability and security of multicellular converters have become crucial tools for safeguarding electrical power conversion and ensuring the continuity of electrical drives. This concern has always been paramount in numerous industrial applications. Ensuring the reliability, continuity, and robustness of the three-phase multicellular inverter critically depends on accurately diagnosing faults in insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) switches; these failures carry both technical and economic consequences for electrical system conversion. Therefore, detecting and diagnosing faults is crucial to preserving converters against these potential issues. This study aims to investigate the operational behavior of the three-phase multicellular inverter under normal and faulty conditions, more precisely focusing on open-circuit and short-circuit faults in converter switches. To achieve this objective, the paper introduces a fault diagnosis technique based on a sliding mode observer for power switches in the three-phase multicellular inverter. The research is divided into two main sections. The initial segment concentrates on the aspects of sliding mode control, aiming to attain regulated output voltages, output currents, and floating capacitor voltage. This control strategy is essential for maintaining a stable and consistent operation of the inverter. The second segment focuses on fault diagnosis, analyzing the impact of a defective three-phase multicellular inverter on the overall functionality of the electrical system. The performance of the proposed algorithm is assessed and validated through simulations in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2025-03-17 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/237 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1.237 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025); 137-153 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/237/93 Copyright (c) 2025 Fatma Khater, Abderrezak Aibeche, Sid Ali Fellag, Mohamed Zinelabidine Doghmane, Dr. H. Akroum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/241 2025-04-30T07:21:23Z SET:ART driver

Performance Analysis of Fractionalized Order PID Controller-based on Metaheuristic Optimisation Algorithms for Vehicle Cruise Control Systems Idir, Abdelhakim Zemmit, Abderrahim Khettab, Khatir Nesri, Mokhtar Guedida, Sifelislam Canale, Laurent Vehicle cruise control system (VCCS) Fractionalized order PID controller Optimization methods PID controller Robustness analysis Recently, automotive manufacturers have prioritized cruise control systems and controllers, recognizing them as essential components requiring precise and adaptable designs to keep up with technological advancements. The motion of vehicles is inherently complex and variable, leading to significant non-linearity within the cruise control system (CCS). Due to this non-linearity, conventional PID controllers often perform suboptimally under varying conditions. This research introduces a fractionalized-order PID (FrOPID) controller, which has an extra parameter that makes regular PID controllers work better. A comparative analysis is conducted between classical PID controllers and FrOPID controllers optimized using three metaheuristic algorithms: Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The evaluation is carried out using a linearized model of the vehicle cruise control system (VCCS). The results demonstrate that fractionalized-order PID controllers significantly outperform conventional PID controllers, particularly regarding rise time and settling time. Among the designs that were considered, the one that combines HHO and FrOPID works the best at finding a balance between responsiveness and stability. It is also the most durable and flexible, able to adapt to changes in vehicle mass and environmental conditions. This highlights the effectiveness of fractionalized-order controllers in managing the dynamic behavior of vehicles. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2024-03-18 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/241 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1.241 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025); 1-14 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/241/95 Copyright (c) 2024 Abdelhakim Idir, Abderrahim Zemmit, Khatir Khettab, Mokhtar Nesri, Sifelislam Guedida, Laurent Canale https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/245 2025-04-30T07:21:23Z SET:ART driver

A Computational Model of Attention-Guided Visual Learning in a High-Performance Computing Software System Ahmed, Alice Hossain, Md. Tanim Computational Model Attention-Guided Visual Learning High-Performance Computing Reinforcement Learning Computer Vision This research investigates transformer architectures in high-performance computing (HPC) software systems for attention-guided visual learning (AGVL). The study focuses on the effects of environmental factors and non-contextual stimuli on cognitive control. It reveals how attention increases responses to attentive stimuli, thereby normalizing activity across the population. Transformer blocks use parallelism and less localized attention than current or convolutional models. The study investigates the use of transformer topologies to enhance language modeling, focusing on attention-guided learning and attention-modulated Hebbian plasticity. The model includes an all-attention layer with embedded input vectors, non-contextual vectors containing generic task-relevant information, and self-attentional and feedforward layers. The work employs relative two-dimensional positional encoding to address the challenge of encoding two-dimensional data such as photographs. The feature-similarity gain model proposes that attention multiplicatively strengthens neuronal responses based on how similar their feature tuning is to the attended input. The attention-guided learning approach rewards learning with neural attentional response gain, which the network modifies via gradient descent to achieve the projected objective outputs. The study discovered that supervised error backpropagation and the attention-modulated Hebbian rule outperformed the weight gain rule on MNIST; however, concentration differed. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2024-12-25 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/245 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1.245 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025); 106-115 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/245/81 Copyright (c) 2024 Alice Ahmed, Md. Tanim Hossain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/273 2026-02-03T13:50:52Z SET:ART driver

Modeling A Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plant: A Practical Framework Using Wave Software Ojo, Olufisayo Emmanuel Oludolapo, Olanrewaju Akanni WAVE Ultrafiltration Pretreatment Reverse Osmosis Desalination Seawater RO membrane RO Model Seawater desalination is a highly successful and effective method of obtaining fresh water from saline water sources. Reverse osmosis (RO) is a key and pivotal technology in seawater desalination as it produces high-quality freshwater from seawater with low energy consumption, in comparison to alternative technologies. However, the practical modelling of a comprehensive full-scale RO system is challenging due to fluctuating operating conditions stemming from seasonal variations and progressive fouling of the membrane during prolonged filtration operation. This study presents a comprehensive modeling framework for a seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plant using DuPont’s Water Application Value Engine (WAVE) software. The modeled system integrates ultrafiltration (UF) for pretreatment and ion exchange (IX) polishing for post-treatment, which reflects the actual operational structure of the Victoria & Alfred Waterfront desalination plant in Cape Town, South Africa. The model simulates the hydraulic and separation performance under steady-state conditions, using plant-specific data for feed salinity, pressure, flow rates, and membrane configuration. Results demonstrate the WAVE model’s capability to accurately predict key performance parameters, including permeate flow, energy consumption, recovery rate, and total dissolved solids (TDS) removal. Simulated results indicate improved recovery (45.7% vs. 31%) and reduced specific energy consumption (5.91 kWh/m³ vs. 6.58 kWh/m³) compared to actual plant data. The study validates the model's predictive accuracy and highlights its application in optimizing system design, minimizing operational costs, and guiding future desalination infrastructure development under varying operational conditions. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2025-09-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/273 10.54327/set2025/v5.i2.273 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025); 29-43 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/273/105 Copyright (c) 2025 Olufisayo E. Ojo, Olanrewaju A. Oludolapo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/277 2026-02-03T13:50:52Z SET:ART driver

Suitability Assessment of Organic Carbon Additives in the Carburization of Low Carbon Steel (AISI 1020) for Engineering Applications Adeoti, Mathew Olurotimi Jamiru, Tamba Adegbola, Taoreed Adesola Beneke, Lodewyk Willem Carburization process Low carbon steel Organic wastes Mechanical testing Microstructural analysis The quest to enhance the mechanical properties of low-carbon steel (LCS) has stimulated the exploration of diverse carburization techniques, with growing attention on organic additives derived from agricultural wastes as sustainable alternatives to conventional materials. This study investigated sheanut shell (SNS) and eggshell (ES) ash as eco-friendly carburizing agents for AISI 1020 steel to improve its performance for engineering applications. The objective was to evaluate their potential in enhancing hardness, strength, impact resistance, and microstructural properties of LCS. Experimental analysis compared carburized and un-carburized (UC) samples, focusing on hardness, tensile strength, impact energy, and microstructural features. The findings showed that carburization significantly increased hardness, with carburized LCS reaching 513 HB compared to 398 HB for UC LCS. However, UC LCS exhibited higher yield strength (221.3 N/mm²) and ultimate tensile strength (241.1 N/mm²), whereas carburized LCS absorbed more fracture energy (63.72 J), reflecting a trade-off between hardness and tensile strength. Microstructural examination revealed improved surface morphology, metallurgical bonding, and higher pearlite concentration due to carbon diffusion, while energy dispersive spectroscopy confirmed elevated carbon content in carburized samples. Structural analysis further identified both crystalline and amorphous carbon phases. The study concludes that SNS and ES ash are effective sustainable carburizing additives capable of enhancing surface properties of LCS, making the material suitable for high-strength and wear-resistant applications. It recommends the wider adoption of these agro-waste additives in industrial carburization processes to reduce reliance on costly conventional materials while promoting sustainable engineering practices. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2025-09-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/277 10.54327/set2025/v5.i2.277 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025); 44-52 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/277/103 Copyright (c) 2025 Mathew Olurotimi Adeoti, Tamba Jamiru, Taoreed Adesola Adegbola, Lodewyk Willem Beneke https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/283 2026-04-01T18:17:13Z SET:ART driver

Integrated Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Reverse Osmosis Desalination Systems Ojo, Olufisayo Emmanuel Oludolapo, Olanrewaju Akanni Desalination Seawater Reverse Osmosis Operational Parameters Water scarcity is a growing global issue, necessitating innovative and sustainable solutions for freshwater generation. Among the available technologies, reverse osmosis (RO) has become the primary method for seawater desalination due to its effective salt rejection and high energy efficiency. This study presents an integrated experimental and analytical investigation of a full-scale seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plant with a 2 MLD capacity at the Victoria and Alfred (V&A) Waterfront in Cape Town, South Africa. Operational data were collected over six months, including feedwater temperature (13.66 –16.78 °C), pressure (50–60 bar), total dissolved solids (32,883–38,387 mg/L), and pH (6.19–7.89). The plant consistently produced high-quality permeate with TDS around 500 mg/L, achieving a 31% recovery rate at an average energy consumption of 3 kWh/m³. Machine learning models, specifically multiple linear regression and decision trees, were used to predict RO performance and to explore the relationships between operational parameters. Results show that higher feed pressure improves permeate flux but raises energy use, increased feedwater temperature boosts flux and slightly reduces energy consumption, while deviations from near-neutral pH negatively impact product quality and efficiency. The novelty of this work lies in combining real plant operational data with predictive analytics to establish parameter-based performance relationships and identify optimal operating ranges (e.g., feed pressure ~52–55 bar, pH ~7). These insights provide a strong foundation for optimizing desalination processes, improving membrane efficiency, and guiding the design and operation of future RO desalination projects.   O.D. IMS Vogosca 2025-12-02 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/283 10.54327/set2026/v6.i1.283 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Online First; 1-24 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2026/v6.i1 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/283/111 Copyright (c) 2025 Olufisayo Emmanuel Ojo, Olanrewaju Akanni Oludolapo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/284 2026-02-03T13:50:52Z SET:ART driver

Tailoring Heat Treatment Strategies to Enhance Corrosion Resistance and Mechanical Performance of Low-Carbon Steel in Marine Environment Aramide, Basiru Philip Jamiru, Tamba Adegbola, Taoreed Adesola Popoola, Abimbola Patricia Idowu Heat Treatment Low-carbon steel Marine Environment Microstructure Evolution Mechanical Properties This study examines the impact of various heat-treatment processes on the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of low-carbon steel, specifically for maritime applications. The carbon steel samples were evaluated at 750°C and subsequently cooled using two methods: normalizing and quenching. Alterations in the microstructure, hardness, and corrosion resistance were examined using contemporary techniques such as X-ray diffractometry (XRD), optical microscopy, wear testing, and electrochemical analysis in simulated seawater. The primary findings indicate that quenching enhances the hardness (from 170 to 404 HV) and corrosion resistance of steel by producing martensite, with a corrosion rate of 8.44 × 10⁻⁵ mm/year; however, this process also increases the brittleness of the steel. The process of normalizing results in a microstructure characterized by ductility, comprising both ferrite and pearlite phases. This structure exhibited a moderate level of resistance to corrosion, with a corrosion rate of 0.001018 mm/year. Conversely, the integration of normalizing with quenching results in a well-balanced microstructure, enhancing the material's toughness and corrosion resistance, with a lowest corrosion rate of 6.12 × 10⁻⁵ mm/year. Testing under saline conditions revealed that the quenched samples exhibited superior performance, highlighting the significance of cooling rates in enhancing material properties. This study demonstrates the importance of heat treatment in reducing the damage caused by saltwater corrosion of carbon steel. It also provides useful information on how to ensure that marine infrastructure is more durable and functions better. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2025-08-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/284 10.54327/set2025/v5.i2.284 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025); 1-9 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/284/102 Copyright (c) 2025 Basiru Philip Aramide, Tamba Jamiru, Taoreed Adesola Adegbola, Abimbola Patricia Idowu Popoola https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/285 2026-02-03T13:50:52Z SET:ART driver

Optimization of Operational Parameters to Minimize Cutting Energy during Kenaf Harvesting Ayorinde, Thomas Adedayo Jamiru, Tamba Le Roux, Peet Kehinde Owolarafe, Oseni Crop parameters Crop maturity Crop varieties Cutting energy Specific cutting energy This study evaluated the cutting and specific cutting energy of different kenaf varieties at different maturity stages during mechanical harvesting, while evaluating an improved kenaf harvester. The effects of operation parameters (related to the crop's biological properties; crop varieties "Cuba 108,” "Ifeken 400,” and "Ifeken Di 400"; and crop maturity: 10 to 16 weeks after planting) on the machine performance were optimized in a 3 × 4 factorial experiment using randomized response surface methodology (optimal custom design) to optimize the energy consumption. The results showed that the cutting energy required for harvesting kenaf increased from 1.8 to 3.3 joules as the crop matured from 10 to 16 weeks after planting (WAP). Among the tested crop varieties, "Ifeken 400" consistently required the highest cutting energy, followed by "Cuba 108", while "Ifeken Di 400" required the least energy. The specific cutting energy increased from 5000 to 11661 J.m⁻² as the crop matured, indicating differences in energy demand among the kenaf cultivars. These findings imply that the physical and mechanical properties of kenaf directly affect its stiffness. The stiffness factor of the crop is determined by crop maturity (weeks after planting) and crop variety. Therefore, the proper estimation of these operational parameters is vital for increasing the energy efficiency during the harvesting of kenaf. O.D. IMS Vogosca 2025-09-04 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/285 10.54327/set2025/v5.i2.285 Science, Engineering and Technology; Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025); 10-19 2744-2527 2831-1043 10.54327/set2025/v5.i2 eng https://setjournal.com/index.php/SET/article/view/285/104 Copyright (c) 2025 Thomas Adedayo Ayorinde, Tamba Jamiru; Peet Le Roux; Oseni Kehinde Owolarafe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 0ad15870133ee71b4175ae863951a87c