Two-Phase Intercritical Annealing AR400 Steel: Effects on Phase Dispersion and Impact Resistance for Mining Applications

Abstract

Low-carbon AR400 abrasion-resistant steels are utilised as wear packages prolonging the production life of ground-engaging tools on earth-moving machines in South Africa's mining sector. While AR400 steel is renowned for its tribological properties and wear resistance, components frequently fail prematurely due to inadequate impact absorption, necessitating premature removal from the heavy-duty production environment. This study investigates a two-phase intercritical annealing process to enhance the ductility and impact energy absorption of AR400 steel. Phase 1 involves heat treating the specimens at 1000°C for 25 minutes, then oil quenching. Phase 2 reheats the specimens to 750°C for 20 minutes, followed by cool water quenching. The efficacy of this treatment was evaluated by comparing the mechanical properties, phase dispersions, and general grain morphology of the heat-treated specimens with those of the untreated control specimens. Microstructural analysis using optical and scanning electron microscopy revealed a transformation from the martensitic phase dispersion in the control specimens, typically associated with AR400, to a primarily bainitic microstructure in the intercritically annealed samples. This change improved the impact energy absorption and ductility of the 20 mm specimen by 200%. However, the results were inconsistent across material thickness. The 12 mm and 16 mm specimens showed a decrease in impact resistivity and approximately 40% reduction in material hardness and strength, irrespective of material thickness, compromising wear resistance. The results demonstrate that while the proposed two-phase intercritical annealing heat treatment can enhance impact properties, the concurrent reduction in hardness limits its practical application in industries requiring wear and impact resistance.